Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital

Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital
Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital
Established	1835
Construction Began	Female Dept: 1836 / Male Dept: 1856
Opened	January 1, 1841
Closed	1997
Current Status	Active and Preserved
Building Style	Pre-1854 Plans (Female bldg), Kirkbride Plan (Male Bldg)
Architect(s)	Isaac Holden (female bldg) and Samuel Sloan (male bldg
Location	Market St, Philadelphia, PA
Architecture Style	Late Georgian
Alternate Names	*Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital;

The Institute of the Pennslvania Hospital, formally Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, was a private psychiatric hospital operating in West Philadelphia from 1841 until its closure in 1997. The building is currently being lease to Blackwell Human Services and the Kirkbride Center, and remains functional within the human services field; however, it is still owned by the University of Pennsylvania Health System. It was greatly expanded in the 1950's to accomodate a larger inpatient population. However, because of changing perception of psychiatry and insurance protocol the facility was forced to close its doors. In 2004, the NHPRC was issued a grant to organize, preserve and make publicly accessible the Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital's archival collection.

There is a tremendous amount of confusion about the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia, PA. This is because there were infact two seperate facilities bearing the name. The first, founded in 1751 by Dr. Thomas Bond and Benjamin Franklin was located on Eighth and Pine Streets, and was completed in 1755. This facility is still operational, albeit not for its original purpose. It now largely is maintained because of its historica value to the city and state. This original facility found itself overwhelmed by the number of 'lunatic' patients, and regularly had their insane wards overcapacity. The board of director voted to build a second hospital, in what was then rural West Philadelphia, as was the style of such institutions at the time. This second hospital was known as the Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital, as to draw distinction from their primary facility. This was also the hospital that Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride was Superintendent, who is regarded as the father of American Psychiatry.

History

Under Dr. Kirkbride

In 1832 the Board of Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital recognized the necessity of opening a separate asylum with the sole purpose of caring for the insane. A resolution was passed shortly therafter, as the mentally ill had at that time outnumbered the sick and injured patients. The Pennsylvania Hospital purchased a 101-acre farm in West Philadelphia in 1835 from Matthew Arrison a local merchant. The cornerstone for this new facility was laid on July 26, 1836 on the corner of 44th and Market Streets. The question of selecting an appropriate superintendent was complicated because of the absense of other large psychitric facilities in the America at the time. Locally, only Friends Hospital, then known at the Frankford Asylum, was operational and was only financially viable because of donations from the Society of Friends. The Board of Manager voted on October 12, 1840 and elected to hire the thirty-one year old alienist, Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride, as the head of the new hospital. Dr. Kirkbride was born in Morrisville, where his family resided, and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School only two years prior. He was at the time finishing his residency at the Frankford Asylum before his selection.

Dr. Thomas Kirkbride

Thomas Story Kirkbride gained national reknown because of his particular methods. He developed a more humane way of treatment for the mentally ill that became widely influential within American Psychiatry. Today, the former Institute campus exists as a multi-purpose social-service facility. The new hospital, located on a 101-acre (0.41 km²) tract of the as yet unincorporated district of West Philadelphia, offered comforts and a “humane treatment” philosophy that set a standard for its day. Unlike other asylums where patients were often kept chained in crowded, unsanitary wards with little if any treatment, patients at Pennsylvania Hospital resided in private rooms, received medical treatment, worked outdoors and enjoyed recreational activities including lectures and a use of the hospital library. The hospital featured two "Kirkbride Plan" buildings, which were separated by a creek and pleasure grounds.

The first building was a long thin building located west of the Schuylkill River. This building would eventually become the female department. Though the building does reflect the Kirkbride Plan it was actually constructed before Dr. Kirkbride was given full supervisory duties. Construction began under the control of architect Isaac Holden but later illness forced Issac to return to his home country of England. The building was then finished by a young Samuel Sloan, who worked as a carpenter on the Eastern State Penitentiary. Sloan finished the building in 1841. The building was a rather simple design compared to later Kirkbride Plan buildings. Constructed of stucco covered brick, it was three stories tall with a central administration section flanked on either side by a set of wings. The top of the administration section was crowned with a large dome. On both the front and back of the administration section were stone porticoes. The interior of the building was well furnished, the lavishly carpeted corridors were twelve feet wide. The building features iron stairs, well lighted wards, and iron water tanks in the dome over the administration section, which provided fresh water to all of the building. At the rear corners of either side of the building were smaller, one story, "U" shaped buildings. These buildings were used to house the most noisy and violent patents, so that they wouldn't disturb the calmer, more manageable patients in the main building.

Superintendent Kirkbride developed his treatment philosophy based on research he conducted at other progressive asylums of the day including the asylum at Worcester, Massachusetts. Out of his philosophy emerged what would become known as the Kirkbride Plan, which created a model design for psychiatric hospital that was employed across the United States throughout the 19th century. This plan would be used for the hospital’s second building. On July 7, 1856, the cornerstone for a new building, built with the money from individual contributions, was laid at 49th and Market Streets, five blocks west of the original building. The new structure, which was to house only male patients, was dubbed the Department for Males, while the original building officially became known as the Department for Females. Dr Kirkbride commissioned Architect Samuel Sloan to design the new building. Built of stone and brick, the new building was laid out, as Kirkbride expressed, "in echelons." A large rectangular building, 3 1/2 stories tall, with gable roof and central dome, and a 2 story pedimented portico on its western facade, provided the central focus of the hospital and also housed its administrative offices. Extending from the center of this building to the north and south are two symmetrical wings about 250 feet long, 3 stories tall with gable roofs and ventilation cupolas at their furthermost termini. These wings were in turn connected to another pair, which extended to the east approximately 230 feet, paralleling each other, and of the same general appearance. At each terminus of the these rear wings was a final E-shaped wing which extended out approximately 250 feet. The north E wing housed troublesome patients, and the south E wing has since been removed. No wings are exactly in line, thus allowing fresh air to reach each wing on all four sides. Each of the patients' rooms in the wings had its own fresh air duct, the air being driven in from the towers at the terminus of each wing. There were 16 wards in the hospital, one for each of 16 distinct classes of patients, and each ward had its own parlor, dining room, and bathroom. Outside, there were gardens, shops, and walks for the patients.

After Dr. Kirkbride

The Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane flourished under Kirkbride until his death on December 16, 1883, though for decades after his death, Philadelphia natives colloquially referred to the hospital as "Kirkbride's." Dr. John B. Chapin, the former Superintendent of the Willard State Hospital in New York, assumed the role of Superintendent of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane after Kirkbride's demise. Chapin resigned from his duties in 1911, and was succeeded by Dr. Owen Copp, who initiated a School of Nursing for Men at the Hospital.

In 1959, the Female Department Building on 44th Street was closed due to the City of Philadelphia exercising its right of eminent domain. Items from the original building were auctioned off, and the building was demolished to make way for the City's subway project. All patients were moved to the Male Department on 49th Street, where a new, five-story "North Building" opened to accommodate the consolidation. Within a decade this building became the site of the area's first inpatient treatment center for adolescent children. The original building, the Department for Females, was then demolished.

Once surrounded by 130 acres of grounds, the hospital is now contained in approximately 27 acres bounded on the North and South by Haverford Avenue and Market Street, and on the East and West by 48th and 49th Streets respectively. The hospital has continued to expand, and many new buildings have been added. Two additions have been made to the original structure. The auditorium on the northern side of the north wing which runs east to west is one addition, the other is the wing which extends back from the present entrance building (built in 1929) and connects with the northern extension off the original central building. The land to the north of the original structure is now occupied by a series of maintenance and hospital buildings constructed in 1929 And 1959. The grounds to the south and east are still open. The interior of the original structure has been altered as well. The 22 foot high ceilings have been lowered, many of the halls have been interrupted by partitions, and most of the patients' rooms are now converted into offices. Portions of the hospital are no longer in use. The ventilation towers are sealed shut, and the ductways in the attics are no longer in use.

The Kirkbride Center

Kirkbride Center in 2012

Following the closure of the Institute in 1998, three tall housing projects and a multi-purpose social-service facility were built near the grounds of the original 1841 Kirkbride hospital. Other parts of the property were sold for commercial and residential development in 2001, and in the due course of time many historic buildings belonging to the complex were demolished. There are still a number of abandoned structures on the property that are not currently being leased. The primary building of the former Institute was aquired in 1998 by Blackwell Human Services, to which they agreed to pay $700,000 a year for 130,000 square feet at the facility now operated as the Kirkbride Center. The lease agreement is part of a flurry of activity at the 27-acre West Philadelphia campus. As of 2010, the structure remains part of the Blackwell Human Services Corporation, and houses: the West Philadelphia ACES Charter School, Pennsylvania Hospital's Mill Creek School, Philadelphia Health Management Corporation's Adolescent Residential Treatment Center and Traveler's Aid's emergency family shelter. Over the frotn entrance of the 1959 expansion the engraving 'Institute of the Pennsyvlania Hospital' remains. The large Victorian dome of Dr. Kirkbride's original hospital, with its elaborate frescos, is also still standing, but it is in poor condition, as it has not been maintained in several decades.

The current 'Kirkbride Center' is the area's largest non-hospital inpatient program with 137-beds serving the Philadelphia area; drug and alcohol, long and short term residential, detoxification, and methadone treatment are all available as inpatient services on-site. While the Kirkbride Center still maintains a psychiatric ward, their specialization is significantly religated to 28-day drug rehabilitation. They do, however, like to celebrate Dr. Kirkbride and his contribution to the development of mental healthcare.

The Institute in the News

Other Adjacent Hospitals

Hospitals designed on Dr. Kirkbride's plan:

Trenton State Hospital Originally 'New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton, NJ (1848)
Jacksonville State Hospital at Jacksonville, Illinois. BUilt in 1848, and demolished in the 20th century.
Harrisburg State Hospital Originally Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital at Harrisburg, PA. Built in 1853, Kirkbride Plan building demolished in 1893
Taunton State Hospital at Taunton, MA. Built in 1853, demolished in 2009.
Western State Hospital at Hopkinsville, KY. Built in 1854. Rebuilt in 1867 after a fire.
Dayton State Hospital at Dayton, OH Built in 1855.
Northampton State Hospital Originally Northampton Lunatic Hospital at Northampton, MA. Built in 1858, demolished in 2007.
The Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital at Philadelphia, PA. Male Department built in 1859.
Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital at Kalamazoo, MI. Built in 1859, demolished.
Bryce Hospital at Tuscaloosa, AL. Built in 1859. Sold to the University of Alabama
Dixmont State Hospital at Pittsburgh, PA. Built in 1862, demolished in 2005.
Weston State Hospital Originally Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum at Weston, WV. Built in 1863. Currently a museum.
Mount Pleasant State Hospital at Mount Pleasant, IA. Built in 1865.
Hudson River State Hospital for the Insane at Poughkeepsie, NY. Built in 1868. Closed in 2007.
Anna State Hospital at Anna, IL. Built in 1869.
Central State Hospital at Anchorage, KY. Built in 1869, demolished 1996.
Danville State Hospital at Danville, PA. Built in 1869.
Buffalo State Hospital at Buffalo, NY. Built in 1870.
Maryland Hospital for the Insane at Catonsville, MA. Built in 1872, demolished in 1962.
Northern Illinois State Hospital at Elgin, IL. Built in 1872, demolished in 1993.
Winnebago State Hospital at Oshkosh, WI Built in 1873, demolished in 1969.
Independence State Hospital at Independence, IA. Built in 1873.
Athens State Hospital Originally Athens Lunatic Asylum at Athens, OH. Built in 1874, renovated and reused by Ohio University.
Warren State Hospital at Warren, PA. BUilt in 1874.
Broughton Hospital at Morganton, North Carolina . Built in 1875.
Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital at Hanover, NJ. Built in 1876.
Napa State Hospital at Napa, California Built in 1876, Kirkbride demolished in 1949.
Worcester State Hospital at Worcester, MA. Built in 1877.
Danvers State Hospital at Danvers, MA. Built in 1878, demolished in 2006.
[[Eastern Michigan Asylum for the Insane at Pontiac, MI. Built in 1878, demolished in 2000.
Kankakee State Hospital at Kankakee, IL. Built in 1879.