Bryce Hospital

Bryce Hospital
Bryce Hospital postcard
Construction Began	1852
Opened	1861
Current Status	Preserved
Building Style	Kirkbride Plan
Architect(s)	Samuel Sloan
Location	Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Peak Patient Population	5,200
Alternate Names	Alabama Insane Hospital, Bryce Hospital for the Insane, Tuscaloosa State Hospital

History

The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.

During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.

In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected.

Time line

1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.

1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.

1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.

1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.

1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.

1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.

1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.

1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.

1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.

1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.

1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.

2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years.

2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.

Images of Bryce Hospital

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Cemetery

There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health.

Books

• An insight into an insane asylum, Rev. Joseph Camp. [Louisville? Ky.] Pub. for the author, 1882. Free eBook from HathiTrust Free eBook in Google Books

• An insight into an insane asylum, Joseph Camp, John S Hughes. Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press, 2010. Preview version in Google Books Search WorldCat for library copy

Articles

• Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos, AL.com. Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219

• Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital), Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011

• Bryce Hospital established Tuscaloosa as center of mental-health care, Jason Morton. TuscaloosaNews.com Published Dec. 30, 2019. Updated Dec. 31, 2019

• The construction of the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1852-1861, Robert O Mellown. Alabama Review, April 1985, Vol. 38 Iss. 2, pp. 83-104.

• "Country boys make the best nurses" : nursing the insane in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S Huges. Journal of the History of Medicine & Allied Sciences, January 1994, Vol. 49 Iss. 1, pp. 79-106. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/49.1.79

• Establishing and organizing the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1846-1861. Bill L Weaver. Alabama Review. July 1995, Vol. 48, Iss. 3, pp. 219-232.

• Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration, AL.com. Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019

• Insights into an insane asylum. John S Hughes. Alabama Heritage, April 1994, Iss. 32, pp. 18-29.

• Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S Hughes. The Journal of Southern History, August 1992, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 435-460. https://doi.org/10.2307/2210163

• Life in a 19th Century Insane Asylum, The History Engine, University of Richmond. Full text

• The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Burt Rieff. Alabama Review, April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.

• Rewriting Elizabeth : A Life Lost (and Found) in the Annals of Bryce Mental Hospital. Lindsay Byron. Southern Cultures, Summer 2014, Vol. 20 Iss. 2 pp. 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1353/scu.2014.0011

• Survival at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1861–1892. Bill L Weaver. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, January 1996, Vol. 51, Iss. 1, pp. 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/51.1.5

Links

• 1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital, Alabama Department of Archives and History. Digitized copies

• Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor, Alabama Department of Archives and History. Includes full text issues.

• Bryce Hospital (Tuscaloosa, Ala.) List of items in WorldCat

• Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital, Alabama Department of Mental Health website. Full text

• The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881, Alabama Insane Hospital. Search WorldCat for archival copy Search WorldCat for library copy

Records

• The challenges of Bryce Hospital Records, Tuscaloosa Public Library. Published February 4, 2016

References

Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.