http://asylumprojects.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=OgdredWeary&feedformat=atomAsylum Projects - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T04:53:41ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.30.0http://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Eloise_Asylum&diff=42905Eloise Asylum2022-07-20T18:10:05Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Books */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Eloise Asylum<br />
| image = Eloise13.png<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1839<br />
| construction_began = <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1841<br />
| closed = 1981<br />
| demolished = 1983-1991<br />
| current_status = [[Demolished Institution|Demolished]]<br />
| building_style = [[Cottage Planned Institutions|Cottage Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) =<br />
| location = Westland, MI<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Wayne County Poorhouse<br />
*Eloise Hospital<br />
*Wayne County Asylum<br />
*Wayne County Psychiatric Hospital<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In 1839, only two years after Michigan had joined the Union, Wayne County paid $800 to buy a 160-acre farm in Nankin Township (now Westland). The purchase included a log cabin known as the Black Horse Tavern. The County erected an addition to the tavern building and used it to house 35 needy people, a keeper and his wife. They called it the Wayne County Poorhouse. Its first residents were transferred from another poorhouse at Gratiot and Mt. Elliott in Detroit . Many refused to move, claiming the new poorhouse was "too far out in the wilderness." And they were right -- at that time the corner of Michigan and Merriman was nearly two days by stage coach from Detroit.<br />
<br />
But that was what the county officials had in mind. They wanted somewhere well out of sight to send what they saw as society's dregs -- the vagrants, vagabonds, drunkards, pilferers and brawlers. With such a broad charter, it wasn't long before the feeble-minded and the insane were being housed there. Records show that a Biddy Hughes was Eloise's first official mental patient, committed by her family in 1841. She was in her mid-30s when admitted and was kept there until her death 58 years later.<br />
<br />
Prior to the 1840s, little distinction was made between rational and mentally ill inmates. A county report from the 1840s made reference to harsh restraints used to separate the mentally ill from other inmates. The mentally ill were housed on the upper floor of a farm building used to keep pigs.<br />
<br />
County employee Stanislas M. Keenan reported in his 1913 book, "The History of Eloise," that in the first few years people in the surrounding area heard "the chained unfortunates roaring and shrieking in discord with the squealing pigs beneath." Conditions improved in 1869 when the mentally ill were moved to a new building where they were supervised by a neighboring farmer and his wife. But the chains remained until 1881, when Dr. E.O. Bennett, Eloise's first medical superintendent, did away with them.<br />
<br />
In 1894 the Wayne County Poorhouse got a new name. Freeman B. Dickerson, president of the county board overseeing care of the poor, renamed the facility Eloise, after his 5-year-old daughter. The county eventually split the facility into the Eloise Infirmary for the Sick and Elderly and the Eloise Hospital for the Insane.<br />
<br />
In 1903, after a sharp increase in tuberculosis cases, it was recommended that these patients be separated from the general hospital population. A canvass hospital was erected consisting of two tents -- one for males and one for females. As the number of TB patients increased Eloise Sanitarium was built. In a report to the auditors in 1911, a Dr. Dutlitz says, "The erection of this hospital was an answer to the public call." He said physicians were practically unanimous in recommending open air treatment for tuberculosis of the lungs.<br />
<br />
The patients at Eloise posed a special problem, however. By the time they got to Eloise they were in the final stages of the disease. They were sent there from other treatment centers when their personal funds were exhausted, leaving them candidates for the poorhouse. Eloise continued to operate what was essentially a TB hospital for indigents until 1923, when the State and City of Detroit began providing facilities.<br />
<br />
In the 1930's Wayne County began feeling the effects of the Depression. Eloise grew rapidly as both the indigent and mentally ill populations multiplied. In 1932, a barracks was erected to house unemployed men. By 1934 the inmate population averaged more than 8,300, about 50 percent of them mentally ill, and the number of employees had risen to nearly 2,000. For residents, boredom was a major problem. A 1939 Detroit News article described the daily routine: "The residents rise at 7 a.m. and go to bed at 7:30 p.m. Between times, they sit and stare at the wall, at their feet, at the windows. There is no exercise or organized social movement." Some inmates received passes to leave the grounds where they became easy targets for policemen, who arrested and fined them for petty crimes. Most found the outside world difficult to cope with. Many spent their leaves at local bars and ended up in jail. Others walked the surrounding neighborhoods aimlessly..<br />
<br />
[[image:Eloise34.png|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Eloise grew into a city unto itself. Its 78 buildings included a fire department, 15-man police force, powerhouses, a cannery, bakery and fruit cellar, a sewage disposal plant a morgue, laundry facilities; a library and low-rent employee lodgings. Nearly 20 percent of the staff lived on the grounds.<br />
<br />
In 1945, Eloise was renamed Wayne County General Hospital and Infirmary. The new name was intended to reflect the modern "scientific" approaches to caring for the poor and mentally ill that had been instituted at the facility. Most, however, continued to refer to the facility as Eloise.<br />
<br />
By the 1950's Wayne County General was considered one of the best hospitals in the nation. It played a major part in metro Detroit's health network. It was the only acute-care medical and surgical hospital between Detroit and Ypsilanti. Needy patients would have died without Wayne County General. A reporter who toured the facility in 1953 was moved by the "pitiful cases" -- "the senile, the spastics, the polio victims and those with advanced multiple sclerosis." By the '50s, patients were benefiting from insulin and electric shock therapy, psychotherapy by psychiatrists and occupational and recreational therapy. Occupational therapy included farming, sewing, work in the hospital laundry and maintenance departments. Recreational therapy included classes in handiwork and a special division of music therapy.<br />
<br />
Throughout its boom years, when the complex was caring for as many as 10,000 patients daily, the facility was plagued by reports of patient beatings, employee theft, mismanagement, unsanitary conditions and overcrowding. At one time 3,800 mental patients -- including 300 with tuberculosis -- were crammed into quarters designed for 2,500. As many as 125 women had to share five toilets.<br />
<br />
By 1955 money problems had become acute. George E. Gullen Jr., chairman of the Wayne County chapter of the Michigan Society of Mental Health, figured that on a per patient basis, Wayne General was "the most expensive mental hospital in the world." The county continually sought ways to cut costs. One auditor questioned the practice of buying false teeth at $100 a set for indigent TB patients, after noting that $6,500 had been spent on dentures in one six-month period.<br />
<br />
Not all was bleak at Eloise. A carnival was held each summer on the hospital grounds with booths built by patients. Patients also ran a coffee shop in the psychiatric building. "They must face life and its stresses and we want them ready to do that," explained one of the doctors. Proceeds were used to buy recreational supplies.<br />
<br />
By 1960 new theories for treatment of the mentally ill were developing, and Eloise kept in step. The goal was no longer to provide long term care, but to return patients to society as soon as possible. Most were kept less than 90 days and in 1964 only one in ten became permanent residents -- compared to nearly 50 percent previously. This success added to Eloise's money problems. The state chipped in for psychiatric expenses only after patients had been hospitalized for a year.<br />
<br />
Wayne County also began "mainstreaming" -- getting the psychiatric patient back into the community each week. This sometimes caused problems. One patient was so excited about his weekend leave that he stole a car from the hospital parking lot. There was a high speed chase in which he was involved in five collisions and ran two police blockades. During the chase shots were fired, nearly missing a group of children at a school crossing. The inmate was taken into custody after running the car into a ditch.<br />
As patient treatment was updated , so were the facilities. Older buildings were razed in the '60s and '70s and two new buildings were constructed -- a 511-bed medical hospital in 1962 and a long term care facility in 1974. The Walter Reuther Long Term Care Facility housed the surviving mentally ill and poor who had made Eloise their permanent home.<br />
<br />
By 1987, six years after the facility's closing, Eloise had been reduced to eight buildings. Today, only a 5 buildings remain and all are empty. The county is currently working on a plan to redevelop the complex. The "D" building houses some Wayne County of <ref>[http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=106/ Detroit News]</ref>In November 2015, the Detroit Free Press reported that the 50-acre complex was put on sale for $1.5 million – which includes an fire station from the 1800s, a decommissioned power plant and two maintenance buildings. On March 29th, 2016 the former bakery building built in 1905, one of the last original buildings, was the victim of arson. The damage was enough to have the structure demolished. Morgan Development purchased the property in June of 2018.<br />
<br />
== Images of Eloise Asylum ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Eloise Asylum Image Gallery|Eloise Asylum]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
file:Eloise25.png<br />
file:Eloise08.png<br />
file:Eloise20.png<br />
file:Eloise21.png<br />
File:eloiseMI005.jpg<br />
File:eloiseMI004.jpg<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 3 cemeteries that were used from the 1890s through the late 1940s. The number of burials is somewhere between 7,000 & 8,000 and they are marked with a headstone that has a number on it. <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
''Annie's ghosts : a journey into a family secret'' by Steve Luxenberg. New York : Hyperion, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/anniesghostsjour00luxe_0 Free eBook from the Internet Archive, Copy 1][https://archive.org/details/anniesghostsjour00stev Copy 2]<br />
<br />
''Detroit Breakdown'' by D. E. (Dan E.) Johnson. New York : Minotaur Books, 2012. [https://archive.org/details/detroitbreakdown0000john Free eBook from the Internet Archive] <br />
<br />
''Eloise : Poorhouse, Farm, Asylum, and Hospital, 1839 - 1984'' by Patricia Ibbotson. Chicago, IL : Arcadia, 2002. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/297805365 Search WorldCat for library copy] [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Eloise/TlYWPyoTFhMC?hl=en&gbpv=1 Preview version in Google Books]<br />
<br />
''Eloise Asylum: The History, the Humanity and the Haunts'' by Cassandra St. Croix. Bowker, 2021.<br />
<br />
''History of Eloise : Wayne County house, Wayne County asylum'' by Stanislas M. Keenan. Detroit, MI : Thos., Smith press, 1913. [https://archive.org/details/historyofeloisew0000keen Free eBook from the Internet Archive] [https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_Eloise/0YoXAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Free eBook from Google Books] [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001576348 Free eBook from HathiTrust] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/599569848 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
''A history of the Wayne County Infirmary, Psychiatric, and General Hospital complex at Eloise, Michigan, 1832-1982 '' by Alvin C. Clark. [Westland, Mich.? : Wayne County General Hospital Anniversary Committee?], 1982. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/490962960 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
''The patient : Wayne County General Hospital and Infirmary, Eloise, Michigan'' by Wayne County Consultation Center Outpatient Department, 1945. [https://archive.org/details/patientwaynecoun00wayn Free eBook from the Internet Archive]<br />
<br />
''Some patients at Eloise Hospital (1933-1945)'' by Patricia Ibbotson; Thomas K Gruber; Wayne County (Mich.). Board of County Auditors.; Wayne County (Mich.). Department of Social Welfare. [Place of publication not identified] : [publisher not identified], 2003. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/517929716 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
''Wayne County General Hospital : an evolution'' Wayne County General Hospital. [Westland, Mich.] : [The Hospital], [1975?] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/607761494 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://wiki.worldflicks.org/eloise_hospital.html Present day photos]<br />
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/eridony/3881497398/in/photostream/ More present day photos]<br />
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/dtisd38/4107442171/in/photostream/ Another Flickr photo stream]<br />
*[http://detroit.metblogs.com/2006/09/15/westlands-landmark-smokestack-begins-to-bite-the-dust/ Landmark Smokestack Begins to Bite the Dust]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Michigan]]<br />
[[Category:Demolished Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Cottage Plan]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=San_Juan_Asylum&diff=42723San Juan Asylum2022-03-15T03:41:10Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = San Juan Asylum<br />
| image = puertorico.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began =<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1854<br />
| closed = 1898<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Single Building Institutions|Single Building]]<br />
| architect(s) = <br />
| location = San Juan, PR<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =* Colonial Hospital<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The San Juan Asylum was built in 1854 on the furthest tip of the San Juan peninsula in Puerto Rico. The signature red dome on the roof and pillared front entrance were constructed to fit the style of the time. The twin courtyards contained sprawling gardens with fountains, contrasting the beaches of the remainder of the land on the peninsula. The asylum was constructed directly across from the Castillo San Felipe del Morro, a 16th century fortress built by King Charles V of Spain to protect the city of San Juan. <br />
<br />
After the US invasion of San Juan in 1898, the Asylum was converted into the Fort Brooke Military Reservation Army Barracks. This facility operated under the Department of the Army and included several buildings including fort San Filipe del Morro. <br />
<br />
By 1949, the site was established as historic by the San Juan National Historic Registry, but the buildings remained property of the army until 1961. In 1965, the historic site was converted into the Puerto Rican Academy of Fine Arts. Many of the structures surrounding the asylum and the fort remained vacant, abandoned, and deteriorating until 1992, when they were restored for the celebration of the Quincentennial of the Discovery of America. <ref> Orlando Mergal. Puerto Rico by GPS. http://www.puertoricobygps.com/. Accessed November 19th 2013. </ref><br />
<br />
== Images of San Juan Asylum ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[San Juan Asylum Image Gallery|San Juan Asylum]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
file:puertorico.jpg<br />
file:sanjuan.jpg<br />
File:puertorico2.jpg<br />
File:sanjuanPR.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
== Articles ==<br />
The Insane Asylum of Porto Rico, by F. R. Goenaga. ''Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction'', at the Twenty-Ninth Annual Session held in the city of Detroit, May 28-June 3, 1902. pp. 182-185. [https://archive.org/details/proceedingsnati12sessgoog/page/182/mode/2up Full text in the Internet Archive] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89030648950?urlappend=%3Bseq=206%3Bownerid=13510798885460930-238 Full text in HathiTrust] [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Social_Welfare_Forum/vqI5AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Insane+Asylum+of+Porto+Rico++F.+R.+Goenaga+Proceedings+of+the+National+Conference+of+Charities+and+Correction&pg=PA182&printsec=frontcover Full text in Google Books]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Puerto Rico]]<br />
[[Category:Preserved Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Single Building Institutions]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Kalamazoo_State_Hospital&diff=42550Kalamazoo State Hospital2022-01-02T03:22:16Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Kalamazoo State Hospital<br />
| image = 10-18-2007-09a.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1854<br />
| construction_ended = <br />
| opened = 1859<br />
| closed = <br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]] <br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]] (Demolished)<br />
| architect(s) = <br />
| location = Kalamazoo, MI<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population = <br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Western Michigan Asylum<br />
*Michigan Asylum for the Insane<br />
*Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital<br />
*Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The choice of Kalamazoo as the location for the Michigan Asylum at Kalamazoo was helped by the fact that the governor was Epaphroditus Ransom, who once resided in Kalamazoo. Although the asylum was originally planned for a site in what is now the Stuart neighborhood, it was decided that this location was too close to downtown. So planners instead chose to place the hospital far out in the country, where they would never be bothered by these people. That location was on what is now Oakland Drive, where the hospital is still located.<br />
<br />
The asylum was on the cutting edge of many forms of treatment. Through its close proximity to town, it was able to establish an innovative outpatient clinic in 1916 as well as a unique "family-care" program that placed patients in certified homes. The hospital also made use of colony farms, adjunct properties on which patients with milder illnesses — and those who today might be considered developmentally delayed — lived in familial farm settings. (One of these was near Kalamazoo's Asylum Lake.) They often raised livestock and produce for use at the hospital. The farms are examples of the limited treatment options for the mentally ill that were available before the 1950s. Electroshock therapy, insulin-induced comas and some barbiturate drugs resulted in limited reversals in thoughts and behavior of patients, he said.<br />
<br />
Narcoleptic or anti psychotic drugs, such as Thorazine, that would revolutionize psychiatric treatment and the role of psychiatric hospitals in society. Patients who had been in the hospital for decades were suddenly responsive, able to care for themselves, and moving back to live with their families. By 1987, the number of patients had dropped to 550.By 1959 the State Hospital had a patient load of 3,500 and 900 staff that included doctors, nurses, attendants and service personnel. It became almost a city in its own right with a power plant, water system, bakery, laundry, library, canteen, garage, cannery, general kitchen and greenhouse. For many years the hospital was one of the largest employers in Kalamazoo.<br />
<br />
[[image:Kzoo7.png|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Increased budget cuts by the state and improved treatment methods and medication for patients led to an inevitable decline in patient population. The hospital began to shrink, dropping steadily from a high of 3,500 patients in 1954-1955. Then in 1973, new treatment measures, such as rapid screening and intensive treatment, and early release into the community for other local agencies to take over, shrank the patient population even more. In 1980, the facility started laying off 88 employees and releasing 160 patients in response to the bare bones budget provided by the state. Finally, in 2000, then-Governor John Engler's administration decimated the state-run psychiatric hospitals in favor of community-based care at private agencies and hospitals.<br />
<br />
Just a ghost of its former self, the Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital now has turned over most of its holdings on Oakland Drive to Western Michigan University, which has developed it as a health care corridor and research facilities, as well as the home of its current School of Nursing. Today (2008) there are only 2 original buildings still standing on the campus. The water tower was constructed in 1895 and quickly became a local landmark. It played prominently in the history of the city. The other is the "gate cottage" situated near Oakland Drive at the entrance to the hospital grounds. The gatehouse is "carpenter gothic" in style, featuring board and batten siding, a steep roof and "gingerbread" ornamentation. The house has been furnished with Victorian furniture and serves as a museum. When first built, it was used as the porter's residence and later housed a dozen women patients for a time.<br />
<br />
==Timeline==<br />
1854 — Construction of the Michigan Asylum at Kalamazoo begins.<br />
<br />
1859 — The Michigan Asylum formally opens on Aug. 29.<br />
<br />
1888 — The Colony Farm System for the mentally ill is established, with Brook Farm on Douglas Avenue the first farm colony in America.<br />
<br />
1910 — Mechanical restraints are abolished, and occupational therapy is recognized as a treatment program.<br />
<br />
1911 — The name is changed to Kalamazoo State Hospital.<br />
<br />
1916 — An outpatient clinic is established at Vine Street School.<br />
<br />
1931 — Public Act 281 of 1929 directs the sterilization of patients as a measure for preventing mental illness. Sterilizations are performed that year.<br />
<br />
1939 — The Male Department Kirkbride is demolished<br />
<br />
1958 — Farming operations are discontinued, and patients are transferred to the main hospital buildings.<br />
<br />
1960 — The number of patients begins a rapid decline because of the introduction of narcoleptic drugs and the move toward community care and treatment.<br />
<br />
1969 — The Female Department Kirkbride is demolished<br />
<br />
1974 — Michigan Mental Health Code is enacted.<br />
<br />
1976 — Name of hospital is changed to Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital.<br />
<br />
1995 — Name of hospital is changed to Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital.<br />
<br />
2007 — All but about 100 acres of the nearly 1,500 acres of land once owned by the hospital's main campus and Brook Colony Farm are transferred to Western Michigan University<br />
<br />
== Images of Kalamazoo State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Kalamazoo State Hospital Image Gallery|Kalamazoo State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
file:Kzoo18.JPG<br />
file:Ksh1.jpg<br />
file:Kalplan.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
<br />
''The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States'' by Carla Yanni. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 2007. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226379258 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
''Asylum for the Insane: A History of the Kalamazoo State Hospital'' by William A. Decker. Traverse City, MI : Arbutus Press, 2008. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173201735 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
*Description of the Michigan Asylum for the Insane. ''The Peninsular Journal of Medicine and the Collateral Sciences,'' March 1857, Vol. IV , Iss. IX, pp. 497-504. [https://archive.org/details/peninsularjourn03unkngoog/page/497/mode/1up Full text in the Internet Archive] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015071544210?urlappend=%3Bseq=607%3Bownerid=13510798896825007-609 | Full text in HathiTrust] [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Peninsular_Journal_of_Medicine_and_t/FBCCefIC7nUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA497&printsec=frontcover | Full text in Google Books]<br />
<br />
==Video==<br />
Kalamazoo Historic Preservation coordinator Sharon Ferraro reveals the secrets of this historic landmark and talks about its future. This program is part of the "This Old Building" series. www.kpl.gov<br />
<videoflash>jSjT9WOmGH8</videoflash><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/kalamazoo/ Info @ Kirkbridebuildings.com]<br />
*[http://kalamazoostatehospital.posthaven.com/ The Michigan Asylum for the Insane, A Photographic Reconstruction of the Kalamazoo State Hospital]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Michigan]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Kalamazoo_State_Hospital&diff=42549Kalamazoo State Hospital2022-01-02T03:20:58Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Kalamazoo State Hospital<br />
| image = 10-18-2007-09a.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1854<br />
| construction_ended = <br />
| opened = 1859<br />
| closed = <br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]] <br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]] (Demolished)<br />
| architect(s) = <br />
| location = Kalamazoo, MI<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population = <br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Western Michigan Asylum<br />
*Michigan Asylum for the Insane<br />
*Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital<br />
*Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The choice of Kalamazoo as the location for the Michigan Asylum at Kalamazoo was helped by the fact that the governor was Epaphroditus Ransom, who once resided in Kalamazoo. Although the asylum was originally planned for a site in what is now the Stuart neighborhood, it was decided that this location was too close to downtown. So planners instead chose to place the hospital far out in the country, where they would never be bothered by these people. That location was on what is now Oakland Drive, where the hospital is still located.<br />
<br />
The asylum was on the cutting edge of many forms of treatment. Through its close proximity to town, it was able to establish an innovative outpatient clinic in 1916 as well as a unique "family-care" program that placed patients in certified homes. The hospital also made use of colony farms, adjunct properties on which patients with milder illnesses — and those who today might be considered developmentally delayed — lived in familial farm settings. (One of these was near Kalamazoo's Asylum Lake.) They often raised livestock and produce for use at the hospital. The farms are examples of the limited treatment options for the mentally ill that were available before the 1950s. Electroshock therapy, insulin-induced comas and some barbiturate drugs resulted in limited reversals in thoughts and behavior of patients, he said.<br />
<br />
Narcoleptic or anti psychotic drugs, such as Thorazine, that would revolutionize psychiatric treatment and the role of psychiatric hospitals in society. Patients who had been in the hospital for decades were suddenly responsive, able to care for themselves, and moving back to live with their families. By 1987, the number of patients had dropped to 550.By 1959 the State Hospital had a patient load of 3,500 and 900 staff that included doctors, nurses, attendants and service personnel. It became almost a city in its own right with a power plant, water system, bakery, laundry, library, canteen, garage, cannery, general kitchen and greenhouse. For many years the hospital was one of the largest employers in Kalamazoo.<br />
<br />
[[image:Kzoo7.png|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Increased budget cuts by the state and improved treatment methods and medication for patients led to an inevitable decline in patient population. The hospital began to shrink, dropping steadily from a high of 3,500 patients in 1954-1955. Then in 1973, new treatment measures, such as rapid screening and intensive treatment, and early release into the community for other local agencies to take over, shrank the patient population even more. In 1980, the facility started laying off 88 employees and releasing 160 patients in response to the bare bones budget provided by the state. Finally, in 2000, then-Governor John Engler's administration decimated the state-run psychiatric hospitals in favor of community-based care at private agencies and hospitals.<br />
<br />
Just a ghost of its former self, the Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital now has turned over most of its holdings on Oakland Drive to Western Michigan University, which has developed it as a health care corridor and research facilities, as well as the home of its current School of Nursing. Today (2008) there are only 2 original buildings still standing on the campus. The water tower was constructed in 1895 and quickly became a local landmark. It played prominently in the history of the city. The other is the "gate cottage" situated near Oakland Drive at the entrance to the hospital grounds. The gatehouse is "carpenter gothic" in style, featuring board and batten siding, a steep roof and "gingerbread" ornamentation. The house has been furnished with Victorian furniture and serves as a museum. When first built, it was used as the porter's residence and later housed a dozen women patients for a time.<br />
<br />
==Timeline==<br />
1854 — Construction of the Michigan Asylum at Kalamazoo begins.<br />
<br />
1859 — The Michigan Asylum formally opens on Aug. 29.<br />
<br />
1888 — The Colony Farm System for the mentally ill is established, with Brook Farm on Douglas Avenue the first farm colony in America.<br />
<br />
1910 — Mechanical restraints are abolished, and occupational therapy is recognized as a treatment program.<br />
<br />
1911 — The name is changed to Kalamazoo State Hospital.<br />
<br />
1916 — An outpatient clinic is established at Vine Street School.<br />
<br />
1931 — Public Act 281 of 1929 directs the sterilization of patients as a measure for preventing mental illness. Sterilizations are performed that year.<br />
<br />
1939 — The Male Department Kirkbride is demolished<br />
<br />
1958 — Farming operations are discontinued, and patients are transferred to the main hospital buildings.<br />
<br />
1960 — The number of patients begins a rapid decline because of the introduction of narcoleptic drugs and the move toward community care and treatment.<br />
<br />
1969 — The Female Department Kirkbride is demolished<br />
<br />
1974 — Michigan Mental Health Code is enacted.<br />
<br />
1976 — Name of hospital is changed to Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital.<br />
<br />
1995 — Name of hospital is changed to Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital.<br />
<br />
2007 — All but about 100 acres of the nearly 1,500 acres of land once owned by the hospital's main campus and Brook Colony Farm are transferred to Western Michigan University<br />
<br />
== Images of Kalamazoo State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Kalamazoo State Hospital Image Gallery|Kalamazoo State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
file:Kzoo18.JPG<br />
file:Ksh1.jpg<br />
file:Kalplan.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
<br />
''The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States'' by Carla Yanni. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 2007. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226379258 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
''Asylum for the Insane: A History of the Kalamazoo State Hospital'' by William A. Decker. Traverse City, MI : Arbutus Press, 2008. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173201735 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
*Description of the Michigan Asylum for the Insane, ''The Peninsular Journal of Medicine and the Collateral Sciences,'' March 1857, Vol. IV , Iss. IX, pp. 497-504. [https://archive.org/details/peninsularjourn03unkngoog/page/497/mode/1up Full text in the Internet Archive] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015071544210?urlappend=%3Bseq=607%3Bownerid=13510798896825007-609 | Full text in HathiTrust] [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Peninsular_Journal_of_Medicine_and_t/FBCCefIC7nUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA497&printsec=frontcover | Full text in Google Books]<br />
<br />
==Video==<br />
Kalamazoo Historic Preservation coordinator Sharon Ferraro reveals the secrets of this historic landmark and talks about its future. This program is part of the "This Old Building" series. www.kpl.gov<br />
<videoflash>jSjT9WOmGH8</videoflash><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/kalamazoo/ Info @ Kirkbridebuildings.com]<br />
*[http://kalamazoostatehospital.posthaven.com/ The Michigan Asylum for the Insane, A Photographic Reconstruction of the Kalamazoo State Hospital]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Michigan]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Kalamazoo_State_Hospital&diff=42548Kalamazoo State Hospital2022-01-02T03:19:19Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Kalamazoo State Hospital<br />
| image = 10-18-2007-09a.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1854<br />
| construction_ended = <br />
| opened = 1859<br />
| closed = <br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]] <br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]] (Demolished)<br />
| architect(s) = <br />
| location = Kalamazoo, MI<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population = <br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Western Michigan Asylum<br />
*Michigan Asylum for the Insane<br />
*Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital<br />
*Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The choice of Kalamazoo as the location for the Michigan Asylum at Kalamazoo was helped by the fact that the governor was Epaphroditus Ransom, who once resided in Kalamazoo. Although the asylum was originally planned for a site in what is now the Stuart neighborhood, it was decided that this location was too close to downtown. So planners instead chose to place the hospital far out in the country, where they would never be bothered by these people. That location was on what is now Oakland Drive, where the hospital is still located.<br />
<br />
The asylum was on the cutting edge of many forms of treatment. Through its close proximity to town, it was able to establish an innovative outpatient clinic in 1916 as well as a unique "family-care" program that placed patients in certified homes. The hospital also made use of colony farms, adjunct properties on which patients with milder illnesses — and those who today might be considered developmentally delayed — lived in familial farm settings. (One of these was near Kalamazoo's Asylum Lake.) They often raised livestock and produce for use at the hospital. The farms are examples of the limited treatment options for the mentally ill that were available before the 1950s. Electroshock therapy, insulin-induced comas and some barbiturate drugs resulted in limited reversals in thoughts and behavior of patients, he said.<br />
<br />
Narcoleptic or anti psychotic drugs, such as Thorazine, that would revolutionize psychiatric treatment and the role of psychiatric hospitals in society. Patients who had been in the hospital for decades were suddenly responsive, able to care for themselves, and moving back to live with their families. By 1987, the number of patients had dropped to 550.By 1959 the State Hospital had a patient load of 3,500 and 900 staff that included doctors, nurses, attendants and service personnel. It became almost a city in its own right with a power plant, water system, bakery, laundry, library, canteen, garage, cannery, general kitchen and greenhouse. For many years the hospital was one of the largest employers in Kalamazoo.<br />
<br />
[[image:Kzoo7.png|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Increased budget cuts by the state and improved treatment methods and medication for patients led to an inevitable decline in patient population. The hospital began to shrink, dropping steadily from a high of 3,500 patients in 1954-1955. Then in 1973, new treatment measures, such as rapid screening and intensive treatment, and early release into the community for other local agencies to take over, shrank the patient population even more. In 1980, the facility started laying off 88 employees and releasing 160 patients in response to the bare bones budget provided by the state. Finally, in 2000, then-Governor John Engler's administration decimated the state-run psychiatric hospitals in favor of community-based care at private agencies and hospitals.<br />
<br />
Just a ghost of its former self, the Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital now has turned over most of its holdings on Oakland Drive to Western Michigan University, which has developed it as a health care corridor and research facilities, as well as the home of its current School of Nursing. Today (2008) there are only 2 original buildings still standing on the campus. The water tower was constructed in 1895 and quickly became a local landmark. It played prominently in the history of the city. The other is the "gate cottage" situated near Oakland Drive at the entrance to the hospital grounds. The gatehouse is "carpenter gothic" in style, featuring board and batten siding, a steep roof and "gingerbread" ornamentation. The house has been furnished with Victorian furniture and serves as a museum. When first built, it was used as the porter's residence and later housed a dozen women patients for a time.<br />
<br />
==Timeline==<br />
1854 — Construction of the Michigan Asylum at Kalamazoo begins.<br />
<br />
1859 — The Michigan Asylum formally opens on Aug. 29.<br />
<br />
1888 — The Colony Farm System for the mentally ill is established, with Brook Farm on Douglas Avenue the first farm colony in America.<br />
<br />
1910 — Mechanical restraints are abolished, and occupational therapy is recognized as a treatment program.<br />
<br />
1911 — The name is changed to Kalamazoo State Hospital.<br />
<br />
1916 — An outpatient clinic is established at Vine Street School.<br />
<br />
1931 — Public Act 281 of 1929 directs the sterilization of patients as a measure for preventing mental illness. Sterilizations are performed that year.<br />
<br />
1939 — The Male Department Kirkbride is demolished<br />
<br />
1958 — Farming operations are discontinued, and patients are transferred to the main hospital buildings.<br />
<br />
1960 — The number of patients begins a rapid decline because of the introduction of narcoleptic drugs and the move toward community care and treatment.<br />
<br />
1969 — The Female Department Kirkbride is demolished<br />
<br />
1974 — Michigan Mental Health Code is enacted.<br />
<br />
1976 — Name of hospital is changed to Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital.<br />
<br />
1995 — Name of hospital is changed to Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital.<br />
<br />
2007 — All but about 100 acres of the nearly 1,500 acres of land once owned by the hospital's main campus and Brook Colony Farm are transferred to Western Michigan University<br />
<br />
== Images of Kalamazoo State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Kalamazoo State Hospital Image Gallery|Kalamazoo State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
file:Kzoo18.JPG<br />
file:Ksh1.jpg<br />
file:Kalplan.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
<br />
''The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States'' by Carla Yanni. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 2007. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226379258 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
''Asylum for the Insane: A History of the Kalamazoo State Hospital'' by William A. Decker. Traverse City, MI : Arbutus Press, 2008. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173201735 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
*Description of the Michigan Asylum for the Insane, ''The Peninsular Journal of Medicine and the Collateral Sciences,'' March 1857, Vol. IV , Iss. IX, pp. 497-504. [https://archive.org/details/peninsularjourn03unkngoog/page/497/mode/1up Full text in the Internet Archive] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015071544210?urlappend=%3Bseq=607%3Bownerid=13510798896825007-609 Full text in HathiTrust] [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Peninsular_Journal_of_Medicine_and_t/FBCCefIC7nUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA497&printsec=frontcover Full text in Google Books]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Video==<br />
Kalamazoo Historic Preservation coordinator Sharon Ferraro reveals the secrets of this historic landmark and talks about its future. This program is part of the "This Old Building" series. www.kpl.gov<br />
<videoflash>jSjT9WOmGH8</videoflash><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/kalamazoo/ Info @ Kirkbridebuildings.com]<br />
*[http://kalamazoostatehospital.posthaven.com/ The Michigan Asylum for the Insane, A Photographic Reconstruction of the Kalamazoo State Hospital]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Michigan]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Eastern_State_Hospital&diff=42547Eastern State Hospital2022-01-02T02:50:57Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div><div style="font-size:85%; text-align:left;">If you were looking for Eastern State Hospital in Kentucky, [[Eastern State Hospital Lexington|click here]]</div> <br />
<div style="font-size:85%; text-align:left;">If you were looking for Eastern State Hospital in Oklahoma, [[Vinta State Hospital|click here]]</div><br />
<div style="font-size:85%; text-align:left;">If you were looking for Eastern State Hospital in Washington, [[Eastern Washington State Hospital|click here]]</div> <!-- Please keep this at the very top of the page and also please do not change or remove this, thanks! --><br />
{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Eastern State Hospital<br />
| image = Virginia Eastern Lunatic Asylum 1773.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Eastern State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1771<br />
| construction_began = 1773/1935(Current location) <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened =<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]<br />
| building_style = [[Pre-1854 Plans]] (Original)<br>[[Cottage Planned Institutions|Cottage Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) =<br />
| location =<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Public Hospital For Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds<br />
*Eastern Lunatic Asylum <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In 1771, contractor Benjamin Powell was appointed to began construction on the public hospital. The public hospital was a two-story brick building south of Francis Street. A fire in 1885 destroyed the original 1773 hospital building, which included a central hall leading to the keeper's quarters and the patient cells. A central staircase led to the room in which the court of directors held their meetings, as well as to more patient accommodations. Before he was finished, Powell was also directed to add outdoor "yards for patients to walk and take the Air in" and to "put a fence around the lot." The first patient was admitted to the public hospital on October 12th, 1773. The hospital's maximum capacity was 24 patients, a number that was not reached until the early 1800s.<br />
<br />
The public hospital showed aspects of both jail and infirmary in its design, expressing the increasing fear of social deviants occurring at that time. There were three people originally staffing the public hospital: a keeper, a matron (for female patients), a physician, and a few slaves to care for the daily upkeep of the hospital and its patients. The keeper of the hospital was James Galt, and his wife was the hospital matron.<br />
<br />
In 1841, the name of the public hospital was changed from The Public Hospital For Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds to Eastern Lunatic Asylum, carrying with it the connotations of a sanctuary for the mentally ill. Also in that year, a third story was added onto the main building. The gaol-like positions of superintendent and matron were replaced with the position of superintendent. The superintendent was a resident, full-time doctor and head administrator to the hospital. The superintendent in 1841 was John Minson Galt II, who made sweeping changes in the management and care of patients. At his death in May of 1862, the hospital housed between 200 and 300 patients in its 7 buildings.<br />
<br />
In the 1850s, Superintendent Galt suggested a day-patient approach similar to the town of Geel (present-day Germany), where patients went into town and interacted with the community during the day and returned to the hospital at night to sleep. The Court of Directors rejected this proposal. The idea was a century ahead of its time and re-emerged as de-institutionalization in the 1900s. However, Dr. Galt did carry out an experiment with de-institutionalization in Williamsburg that lasted for a decade. Convalescing patients who behaved well and had good self-control (approximately half of the 280 patients at the time), had the freedom of the town at all times during the day. The townspeople were also encouraged to visit and socialize with patients still confined to the hospital grounds. Many of these changes were a part of a new era called "moral management," brought about due to a change in social perception of mental illness.<br />
<br />
Many changes to Eastern State Asylum occurred at this time. The asylum, as well as the surrounding area, was captured by Union troops on May 6th of 1862. John Minson Galt II, superintendent for 21 years, also died that month. With the capture of the city, all but one of the white attendants had fled. The 252 patients had been left, locked in their apartments to starve. The remaining attendant, Sommersett Moore, handed the keys to the hospital to the Union army and saved the lives of the patients.<br />
<br />
A great many changes occurred during the next 23 years, to both the administration of the hospital, and to the size of its population. Superintendents did not always have the full support of their staff or the Court of Directors, and the hospital did not always receive adequate financial support. In 1876, fire destroyed one of the asylum buildings. One superintendent, Dr. Harvey Black, was inspired by Dr. Galt's manuscripts to try and deinstitutionalize some of the 400+ patients at the hospital in the late 1880s. He was fired by the court of Directors and replaced by Dr. Richard Wise, whose goal was to find space within Eastern State Asylum for as many "unfortunates" as possible. Under his supervision, the population of the hospital rose from 323 to 447 patients. At this time, there were 10 buildings on the Eastern State Asylum property. A few of the therapeutic activities introduce by Galt still continued, but for the most part the hospital became a long-term care facility for the chronically ill.<br />
<br />
After the Civil War, there was an increasing lack of confidence in the ability of science to cure mental illness. Though mental illness was believed to be hereditary or of physical nature, the problem of its cure defied scientific solution. The hospital became crowded with the chronically mentally ill, and the number of patients successfully cured declined. Admission to the hospital was on a first-come, first-serve basis, regardless of chances for successful treatment. During the era of custodial care, the goal became not to cure mental illness, but to provide a comfortable environment for the mentally ill, separate from society. Recreational activities such as dances, steamboat excursions, and tea parties were offered to patients, as well as magic lanterns, a stereopticon viewer, and checkerboards. The use of restraints, in the forms of straight-jackets and Utica cribs (mesh boxes to confine the violent and unruly), were also reintroduced during this time.<br />
<br />
On June 7th in 1885 on a Sunday evening, a fire destroyed the original 1773 hospital building. The nearest fire engine at the time was in Richmond, some 50 miles away. Students from the nearby College of William and Mary came to the assistance of the hospital staff to help put out the fire. By the time the fire was out, five other buildings in the asylum complex had burned down. The fire left two patients missing (presumed dead) and 224 other patients displaced. Electrical wiring for lighting, one of the improvements made to Eastern State Asylum during the superintendence of James D. Moncure, was suspected of sparking the blaze.<br />
<br />
In 1894 the hospital was renamed from Eastern Lunatic Asylum to Eastern State Hospital. By 1935 Eastern State Hospital housed some 2000 patients with no more land for expansion. The restoration of Colonial Williamsburg and the Williamsburg Inn surrounded the facility with a thriving tourist trade. A proposal was made to move the hospital to Dunbar Farms, located west of the city on Ironbound Road. The first care buildings at Dunbar were constructed and inhabited in 1937. The Dunbar Farm land is where Eastern State Hospital stands to this day.<br />
<br />
Treatment of patients also changed during this time, as effective psychiatric drugs for the treatment of mental illness became available after World War II. The idea of community-based care, a version of which was proposed by Dr. Galt a century prior, was carried out in the 1960s under the name of deinstitutionalization. To learn more about the current treatments available at Eastern State Hospital, click here or return to the homepage to browse.<br />
<br />
When the move from Francis Street to Dunbar Farms was completed in 1960, the old asylum complex was razed. In 1972 the original public hospital building was excavated. The debris from the 1885 fire had merely been shoveled into the remaining foundations, and various small items such as glass were recovered. In 1979, Colonial Williamsburg received approval to reconstruct the old hospital building, which was opened to the public in June of 1985. Today, the reconstructed building houses a public hospital exhibit, staff offices, and serves as an entrance to the DeWitt? Wallace Decorative Arts Museum.<ref>[http://www.bipolarworld.net/Bipolar%20Disorder/History/hist5.htm http://www.bipolarworld.net/Bipolar%20Disorder/History/hist5.htm]</ref><br />
<br />
== Images of Eastern State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Eastern State Hospital Image Gallery|Eastern State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Virginia Eastern Lunatic Asylum 1773.jpg<br />
File:Virginia Eastern Lunatic Asylum 1884.jpg<br />
File:Administration2.JPG<br />
File:Builing11.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Disordered Minds : The First Century of Eastern State Hospital in Williamsburg, Virginia, 1766-1866'', by Norman Dain. Williamsburg, Va. : Colonial Williamsburg Foundation : Distributed by the University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1971. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/987962406 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
*''Footnotes to Disordered minds : the first century of Eastern State Hospital in Williamsburg, Virginia, 1766-1866,'' Norman Dain; Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1971. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15253577 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
*''Quest For A Cure : The Public Hospital In Williamsburg, Virginia, 1773-1885'', by Shomer S. Zwelling. Williamsburg, Va. : Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1985. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Quest_for_a_Cure/c9huUWxHG-cC?hl=en&gbpv=1 Preview version in Google Books] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11532561 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
The Eastern State Hospital Cemetery is but a short distance from the original Hospital location. Patients who died were buried here, but all were laid to rest on unmarked graves, thus the cemetery for the most part is just a piece of well kept land. It has wrought fence on the front of the cemetery, and immediately upon entering the gate there is a monument area that was erected in 1986, consisting of five granite stones with the theme "CELEBRATING THEIR DIGNITY". <br />
<br />
The following words are inscribed in one of them:"We erect this monument in memory of those persons whom we have known, loved and served through the years. While living they knew the suffering of inner pain, confusion and despair. Now they are at peace in the hands of God where no torment will ever touch them again".<br />
<br />
On the other four stones, the names of all laid to rest are inscribed, over 1,200. They are not alphabetized nor does it show any dates. There are only about half a dozen old stone markers in the cemetery, and on the last few years, simple stones with names and dates are noted by the fence area.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Virginia]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Cottage Plan]]<br />
[[Category:Pre-1854 Plans]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Kalamazoo_State_Hospital&diff=42546Kalamazoo State Hospital2022-01-02T01:52:09Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Kalamazoo State Hospital<br />
| image = 10-18-2007-09a.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1854<br />
| construction_ended = <br />
| opened = 1859<br />
| closed = <br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]] <br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]] (Demolished)<br />
| architect(s) = <br />
| location = Kalamazoo, MI<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population = <br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Western Michigan Asylum<br />
*Michigan Asylum for the Insane<br />
*Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital<br />
*Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The choice of Kalamazoo as the location for the Michigan Asylum at Kalamazoo was helped by the fact that the governor was Epaphroditus Ransom, who once resided in Kalamazoo. Although the asylum was originally planned for a site in what is now the Stuart neighborhood, it was decided that this location was too close to downtown. So planners instead chose to place the hospital far out in the country, where they would never be bothered by these people. That location was on what is now Oakland Drive, where the hospital is still located.<br />
<br />
The asylum was on the cutting edge of many forms of treatment. Through its close proximity to town, it was able to establish an innovative outpatient clinic in 1916 as well as a unique "family-care" program that placed patients in certified homes. The hospital also made use of colony farms, adjunct properties on which patients with milder illnesses — and those who today might be considered developmentally delayed — lived in familial farm settings. (One of these was near Kalamazoo's Asylum Lake.) They often raised livestock and produce for use at the hospital. The farms are examples of the limited treatment options for the mentally ill that were available before the 1950s. Electroshock therapy, insulin-induced comas and some barbiturate drugs resulted in limited reversals in thoughts and behavior of patients, he said.<br />
<br />
Narcoleptic or anti psychotic drugs, such as Thorazine, that would revolutionize psychiatric treatment and the role of psychiatric hospitals in society. Patients who had been in the hospital for decades were suddenly responsive, able to care for themselves, and moving back to live with their families. By 1987, the number of patients had dropped to 550.By 1959 the State Hospital had a patient load of 3,500 and 900 staff that included doctors, nurses, attendants and service personnel. It became almost a city in its own right with a power plant, water system, bakery, laundry, library, canteen, garage, cannery, general kitchen and greenhouse. For many years the hospital was one of the largest employers in Kalamazoo.<br />
<br />
[[image:Kzoo7.png|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Increased budget cuts by the state and improved treatment methods and medication for patients led to an inevitable decline in patient population. The hospital began to shrink, dropping steadily from a high of 3,500 patients in 1954-1955. Then in 1973, new treatment measures, such as rapid screening and intensive treatment, and early release into the community for other local agencies to take over, shrank the patient population even more. In 1980, the facility started laying off 88 employees and releasing 160 patients in response to the bare bones budget provided by the state. Finally, in 2000, then-Governor John Engler's administration decimated the state-run psychiatric hospitals in favor of community-based care at private agencies and hospitals.<br />
<br />
Just a ghost of its former self, the Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital now has turned over most of its holdings on Oakland Drive to Western Michigan University, which has developed it as a health care corridor and research facilities, as well as the home of its current School of Nursing. Today (2008) there are only 2 original buildings still standing on the campus. The water tower was constructed in 1895 and quickly became a local landmark. It played prominently in the history of the city. The other is the "gate cottage" situated near Oakland Drive at the entrance to the hospital grounds. The gatehouse is "carpenter gothic" in style, featuring board and batten siding, a steep roof and "gingerbread" ornamentation. The house has been furnished with Victorian furniture and serves as a museum. When first built, it was used as the porter's residence and later housed a dozen women patients for a time.<br />
<br />
==Timeline==<br />
1854 — Construction of the Michigan Asylum at Kalamazoo begins.<br />
<br />
1859 — The Michigan Asylum formally opens on Aug. 29.<br />
<br />
1888 — The Colony Farm System for the mentally ill is established, with Brook Farm on Douglas Avenue the first farm colony in America.<br />
<br />
1910 — Mechanical restraints are abolished, and occupational therapy is recognized as a treatment program.<br />
<br />
1911 — The name is changed to Kalamazoo State Hospital.<br />
<br />
1916 — An outpatient clinic is established at Vine Street School.<br />
<br />
1931 — Public Act 281 of 1929 directs the sterilization of patients as a measure for preventing mental illness. Sterilizations are performed that year.<br />
<br />
1939 — The Male Department Kirkbride is demolished<br />
<br />
1958 — Farming operations are discontinued, and patients are transferred to the main hospital buildings.<br />
<br />
1960 — The number of patients begins a rapid decline because of the introduction of narcoleptic drugs and the move toward community care and treatment.<br />
<br />
1969 — The Female Department Kirkbride is demolished<br />
<br />
1974 — Michigan Mental Health Code is enacted.<br />
<br />
1976 — Name of hospital is changed to Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital.<br />
<br />
1995 — Name of hospital is changed to Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital.<br />
<br />
2007 — All but about 100 acres of the nearly 1,500 acres of land once owned by the hospital's main campus and Brook Colony Farm are transferred to Western Michigan University<br />
<br />
== Images of Kalamazoo State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Kalamazoo State Hospital Image Gallery|Kalamazoo State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
file:Kzoo18.JPG<br />
file:Ksh1.jpg<br />
file:Kalplan.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
''The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States'' by Carla Yanni. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 2007. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226379258 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
''Asylum for the Insane: A History of the Kalamazoo State Hospital'' by William A. Decker. Traverse City, MI : Arbutus Press, 2008. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173201735 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
==Video==<br />
Kalamazoo Historic Preservation coordinator Sharon Ferraro reveals the secrets of this historic landmark and talks about its future. This program is part of the "This Old Building" series. www.kpl.gov<br />
<videoflash>jSjT9WOmGH8</videoflash><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/kalamazoo/ Info @ Kirkbridebuildings.com]<br />
*[http://kalamazoostatehospital.posthaven.com/ The Michigan Asylum for the Insane, A Photographic Reconstruction of the Kalamazoo State Hospital]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Michigan]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42545Bryce Hospital2022-01-02T01:48:51Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
<br />
*''An insight into an insane asylum,'' Rev. Joseph Camp. [Louisville? Ky.] Pub. for the author, 1882. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008587811 Free eBook from HathiTrust] [https://www.google.com/books/edition/An_Insight_Into_an_Insane_Asylum/M8dCAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover Free eBook in Google Books]<br />
<br />
*''An insight into an insane asylum,'' Joseph Camp, John S Hughes. Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press, 2010. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/An_Insight_Into_an_Insane_Asylum/23-HT4hE_GMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover Preview version in Google Books] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796384796 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital established Tuscaloosa as center of mental-health care'', Jason Morton. TuscaloosaNews.com [https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/special/2019/12/31/bryce-hospital-established-tuscaloosa-as-center-of-mental-health-care/1977553007/ Published Dec. 30, 2019. Updated Dec. 31, 2019]<br />
<br />
*The construction of the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1852-1861, Robert O Mellown. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1985, Vol. 38 Iss. 2, pp. 83-104. <br />
<br />
*"Country boys make the best nurses" : nursing the insane in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S Huges. ''Journal of the History of Medicine & Allied Sciences,'' January 1994, Vol. 49 Iss. 1, pp. 79-106. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/49.1.79<br />
<br />
*Establishing and organizing the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1846-1861. Bill L Weaver. ''Alabama Review.'' July 1995, Vol. 48, Iss. 3, pp. 219-232. <br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Insights into an insane asylum. John S Hughes. ''Alabama Heritage,'' April 1994, Iss. 32, pp. 18-29.<br />
<br />
*Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S Hughes. ''The Journal of Southern History'', August 1992, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 435-460. https://doi.org/10.2307/2210163 <br />
<br />
*''Life in a 19th Century Insane Asylum,'' The History Engine, University of Richmond. [https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5405 Full text]<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Burt Rieff. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
*Rewriting Elizabeth : A Life Lost (and Found) in the Annals of Bryce Mental Hospital. Lindsay Byron. ''Southern Cultures'', Summer 2014, Vol. 20 Iss. 2 pp. 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1353/scu.2014.0011<br />
<br />
*Survival at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1861–1892. Bill L Weaver. ''Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences'', January 1996, Vol. 51, Iss. 1, pp. 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/51.1.5<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Tuscaloosa, Ala.)'' [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n92071362/ List of items in WorldCat]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Records==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''The challenges of Bryce Hospital Records,'' Tuscaloosa Public Library. [https://www.tuscaloosa-library.org/the-challenges-of-accessing-medical-records/ Published February 4, 2016]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Eastern_State_Hospital_Lexington&diff=42544Eastern State Hospital Lexington2022-01-02T01:46:59Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Eastern State Hospital<br />
| image = eshKYadmin.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1816<br />
| construction_began = 1817<br />
| construction_ended = 1818<br />
| opened = 1824 <br />
| closed = <br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Demolished Institution|Demolished]] (Original Facility)<br />
| building_style = [[Rambling Planned Institutions|Rambling Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) = Thomas Lewinski, Curtain & Hutchings<br />
| location = Lexington,KY<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population = 2100 est. in 1946 <br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Fayette Hospital (1817-1822)<br />
*Lunatic Asylum (1822-1844)<br />
*The Kentucky Lunatic Asylum (1844-1849)<br />
*Lunatic Asylum of Kentucky (1850-1852)<br />
*The Lunatic Asylum (1850-1852)<br />
*Eastern Lunatic Asylum (1852-1855)<br />
*Eastern Lunatic Asylum of Kentucky (1855-1858)<br />
*Kentucky Eastern Lunatic Asylum (1858-1864)<br />
*Eastern Lunatic Asylum (1864-1867)<br />
*Kentucky Eastern Lunatic Asylum (1867-1873)<br />
*First Kentucky Lunatic Asylum (1873-1876)<br />
*Eastern Kentucky Lunatic Asylum (1876-1894)<br />
*Eastern Kentucky Asylum for the Insane (1894-1912)<br />
*Eastern State Hospital (1912-Current) <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
===ESTABLISHMENT===<br />
On February 15, 1816, the Kentucky General Assembly passed an act establishing a public hospital in Fayette County. The act incorporated a group of citizens, the “Contributors of the Fayette Hospital,” who wished to erect a building at their own expense to serve as a hospital for the accommodation of “lunatics” as well as other “sick poor.” The act gave the Contributors the right to establish a committee,<br />
elect officers, raise money to purchase a piece of land in or near Lexington, and to contract for the construction of a building to serve as the hospital (An act for founding, 1816). The Contributors meet on March 1, 1816 and elected a building committee consisting of Andrew McCalla, Sterling Allen, Stephen Chipley, Thomas January,and Richard Higgins. McCalla was appointed chairman (Fayette Hospital, 1816). In<br />
an open letter in the Kentucky Reporter on April 17, 1816, the Committee presented their mission and asked for assistance. They noted that there were many “poor, disabled, and infirm members of society” without the aid of medicine who with the assistance that could be provided by a “Public Hospital,” might become useful to themselves, their families, and society. They also noted that “lunatics,” who have no “rich relatives” to care for them, “roam at large through the country...” and in many instances “endanger the lives of other members of society.” The best remedy, they suggested, was the erection of a public hospital. They argued that the hospital was not only their best chance at a cure but also a means by which physicians could acquire “superior skill” by treating them. Finally, they declared that “society itself would be made more secure against the wild and desperate actions of lunatics, if provision was made to contain them within its walls.” The Committee concluded the letter by requesting that “ALL” people of Kentucky contribute to the support of the hospital (To the people of Kentucky, 1816).<br />
<br />
Their early efforts must have been effective for not long after their incorporation, the Building Committee purchased the “Sinking Spring” property on which the present hospital now stands (Perrin 1882: 391). On June 30, 1817, the corner-stone of the “Fayette Hospital” building was laid in the presence of a large group of spectators. The oration was given by Henry Clay, U.S. Representative from Kentucky. In the corner-stone were deposited the newspapers of Lexington for that week, some silver and copper coins, two publications in favor of the institution.<br />
<br />
Despite the Contributors’ efforts, the unfinished building was abandoned during the financial panic of 1819. Lexington was devastated by the economic crisis. In fact, one affluent member of the Hospital's Building Committee, Thomas January, was forced to close his factory after 24 years of successful operation (White 1984:24). Governor Adair’s address led to the formation of a committee to inquire into the feasibility of taking over the old Fayette Hospital and establishing a “State Lunatic Hospital.” In 1821, the Committee reported their findings to the Legislature. They discovered that the lot measured about 10 acres. It was supplied with a never failing spring and was well situated as to “health, beauty, and convenience, and may in future be extended to any limits or size commensurate with the objects of the said institution.” As to the building erected upon the site, they reported that it was “spacious, remotely situated from any other, and the workmanship, as far as it has been executed, is neat and faithfully done.” They estimated that the building when it “is properly finished, will afford accommodations for sixty or seventy lunatics, and all necessary attendants” (Journal of the Senate, 1821:139).<br />
<br />
The Legislature agreed with the Committee's recommendation. The property was purchased and the “Lunatic Asylum of Kentucky” was established by an act passed on December 7, 1822. The Legislature appointed commissioners and appropriated $10,000.00 to finish the “skeleton of a house” in a “plain, substantial manner, and to erect such out-houses as are absolutely necessary....” The plan originally called for the addition of two wings so that the building could accommodate two hundred patients. They found, however, that the appropriation was insufficient to complete the wings and thus the building could only house one hundred and twenty patients. They estimated that it would cost an additional $10,000.00 to complete the two wings.<br />
<br />
===OPENING===<br />
The building was finished and the hospital formally opened on May 1, 1824. When completed, the brick building measured approximately 66 feet square and was three stories tall over a stone basement. An 1847 lithograph is the earliest identified illustration of the building. The original Fayette Hospital building is the three-story square block with hipped roof located at the center of the illustration. The building was made of handmade brick laid in Flemish bonding. A skylight was located on the hipped roof. Tall chimneys pierced the roof at each corner.<br />
<br />
The Fayette Hospital was originally designed to serve as a general medical hospital, not as a specialized insane asylum. As a result, like other medical hospitals of the time, it contained large rooms that functioned as wards with several beds in each room, unlike most asylums which usually contained small individual cells. In their first report to the Legislature, the Commissioners reported problems with the<br />
design of the building. To try to solve the problem, the Commissioners erected, on the third floor, small temporary cells of plank. They reported, however, that the cells were all in one room, in which there was only one fire place, and consequently, only a few patients<br />
could receive the heat. Also, the “quiet and repose” sometimes essential to treatment was impossible when the patients were “separated only by a plank partition.”<br />
<br />
In 1825, they appropriated $5,735.74 for the building of one of the wings contemplated in the original plan of the building. The new brick wing measured 62 feet long by 22 feet wide and was two stories over a stone basement. Then in 1826, they erected a second wing, thereby completing the original plan of the building. Its dimensions were identical to the wing constructed the previous year. The cost of the new wing was $4,505.39. <br />
<br />
As a result of their pleadings, in 1829 and 1830, “return wings” were constructed at the ends and perpendicular to the earlier wings (Tomes 1994:150). The brick return wings, three-stories tall over a stone basement, are illustrated on. Each return wing measured 60 by 19 feet and contained 32 rooms. When the four wings were completed, the left wing and return wing were used to house the male patients and the female patients were housed in the right wing and return wing. The twenty-five “spacious” rooms in the original center building were<br />
used to accommodate the Superintendent and his family, the resident physician, and separate day-rooms and dining rooms for the male and female patients. One room on the upper floor, well lighted from a skylight on the roof, was used for surgical purposes. The basement under the original center building as well as the wings served as the kitchen which consisted of nine rooms containing cooking apartments, storerooms,<br />
and servants’ rooms (Annual Report 1832).<br />
<br />
Though greatly altered, the original Fayette Hospital building and some of its early additions are extant today. A description of its current condition is presented in Chapter IV. A comparison of the early Kentucky Lunatic Asylum and the Friends Asylum in Pennsylvania, described in the previous section, reveals remarkable similarities. Both consisted of a central houselike building flanked by wings with return wings at the ends. The wings consisted of small rooms arranged along corridors. Men lived on one side of the central building, women on the other. Soon after the wings were added to the original hospital, a separate building was constructed about “forty paces” to the rear. It was approximately 20 feet square, two-stories high, and contained 16 small rooms or “cells,” intended for the “worst class of patients,” and for withdrawing temporarily the “most turbulent and ungovernable”. The structure was identified as the “box room” on an 1832 ground plan of the hospital. This structure is no longer extant. The 1832 plan also shows the location of the original building with its wing additions,<br />
two privies, a smoke-house, stable, wash-house, burying place, fences, pump and cistern and men's and women's airing yards.<br />
<br />
In 1846, the Directors reported to the Legislature that they were not happy with their cure rate.They believed an addition to the original<br />
building that was “so inconvenient, uncomfortable, and illy suited in almost every way, for the purposes of a Lunatic Asylum” (Annual Report, 1846:615), would solve their problems. As a result, in 1847, the building was once again enlarged with the addition of a rear ell.<br />
The new ell was 110 feet long, 64 feet wide, and seven feet deep. It was united to the rear of the “central building” by an open porch, 64 feet long by 16 feet wide, with galleries corresponding with the floors of the main building and its wings. The Directors reported that the bricks for the new ell were made and carried to the site by the patients, who had performed all the labor, including the digging of the foundation. The rock for the foundation was blasted and quarried by the patients and they also performed a “considerable amount of the carpenters work.” According to<br />
the Directors, the labor was beneficial to the health of the patients and they regretted that there was not enough suitable labor to employ all of the Asylum patients (Annual Report, 1846:599).<br />
<br />
===EXPANSION===<br />
In 1852, a fire destroyed a part of the building “erected at an early day.” Though the cause of the fire was never determined, the Superintendent recommended that the Asylum switch to gas lighting which could be obtained from the city. In 1863 the Managers reported that: “Iron bath-tubs have replaced decayed wooden ones. Worn out floors...have been laid. The leakage through the old floors had destroyed much of the plastering on our ceilings, all of which has been renewed chiefly by the labor of one of our patients.... Besides these, all the ordinary repairs throughout the building have been made, But the most important improvement of the year is the introduction of gas for lighting the building. <br />
<br />
While there was constant maintenance and remodeling of the older buildings, the next major construction project took place in 1867 when a new building was erected to house the women. This was the first major addition to the hospital since the AMSAII and Kirkbride published their recommendations on asylum architecture. We know that the Directors of the Kentucky Lunatic Asylum were well aware of their work for in 1859 they hosted the annual meetings of the AMSAII in Lexington and they quoted Kirkbride (Conventions, 1859) and summarized the AMSAII's<br />
propositions on the construction and organization of hospitals for the insane in their annual reports (Annual Report, 1859: 35-37).<br />
<br />
In 1856, when Kirkbride expanded his Pennsylvania hospital, he argued that there were many advantages to treating men and women in different buildings and as a result, he chose to construct an entirely new building. The original building became the female department, the new structure the male department (Tomes 1994:154). Kentucky followed Kirkbride's lead and in 1868 when they enlarged the hospital, they chose to construct an entirely new building. In this case, however, the new building, served as the Female Ward, the old building became the Male Ward.<br />
<br />
The new building looked similar to the old. It was built of Flemish bond brick and consisted of a central block with wings capped by return wings. It was built just 40 feet left of, and in-line with, the old structure, creating a long linear plan. The new structure was larger, however. It measured 440 feet long, and varied in depth from 36 to 78 feet. The entire structure sat over a basement. The center four-story block and one of the three-story return wings were topped by lanterns.<br />
<br />
While most of the patients at the Kentucky Lunatic Asylum were paupers, their care paid for by the State, there were always a small number of boarders whose care was paid for by their families and friends. Henry Clay's son, Theodore, for example, was a patient at the Kentucky<br />
Lunatic Asylum in the 1830s. Unlike the typical patient, he was allowed to bring along his favorite horse (White 1984:144). There is other evidence that the paying boarders were offered preferential treatment, for example, in 1845, the Superintendent suggested that in order to attract paying boarders, they needed to “fit up a sufficient number of rooms in a handsome style, to accommodate a class of<br />
patients whose friends wish them supplied in a way to which they have been accustomed...”(Annual Report 1845:629).<br />
<br />
Dorthea Dix visited the hospital in 1846 & 1858 in an effort for better treatment of patients and improved living conditions. This lead to the addition of several wings & a new building. In 1862, a year after the start of the Civil War, employees were required to take an oath of allegiance to the U.S. During the war the hospital was occupied by Confederate forces for a short time and operated as a hospital for sick & wounded soldiers along with the regular mentally ill patients. <br />
<br />
In 1894,the Administration Building was constructed to serve as offices, sleeping quarters and a ballroom. The three-story, brick Neo-<br />
Classical style building was designed by Curtain & Hutchings, a Louisville architectural firm (The Plans 1894). The Administration Building was<br />
located between and slightly in front of the Female and Male Buildings, creating an assemblage of buildings resembling a Kirkbride plan. The<br />
new Administration Building became the new center block and the Female and Male Buildings, set back en echelon, became the wings. A ballroom was located on the third floor of the Administration Building. Parties and dances were commonplace at nineteenth-century asylums. Frequently<br />
called “lunatic balls,” they were often used as fund raisers. There is evidence that the Eastern Kentucky Lunatic Asylum held a ball as early as 1869. Over 300 guests attended the event in 1888.<br />
<br />
===THE AFRICAN AMERICAN EXPERIENCE===<br />
The first patient admitted to the Kentucky Lunatic Asylum was a “negro” woman from Woodford County. Unfortunately there are no records that reveal the living conditions of African American patients during the earliest years of the institutions history. At the Alabama Insane Hospital, blacks were assigned to the basements, which were considered the worst of the wards, until separate facilities were constructed. It is likely that this was the case at the Kentucky Lunatic Asylum as well. It appears, however, that there may not have been many African Americans<br />
admitted to the Kentucky Lunatic Asylum until after the Civil War. In 1845, for example, the Superintendent pleaded to the legislature for the appropriation of funds to build accommodations for blacks.<br />
<br />
In 1869, money was appropriated to enlarge an existing building, located about two hundred yards from the main white ward, for the<br />
use of “negro lunatics.” It was a brick structure, eighty-five feet long, forty-four feet deep, having three stories and a basement. In 1896, the Superintendent once again warned that the accommodations for the “colored patients” was “totally unfit.” “The building is old and dilapidated,<br />
ventilation poor, day-rooms too small, and the lights bad.” He recommended that a brick building, sufficient to accommodate two hundred and fifty patients, with hospital wards attached for males and females, be erected. In the meantime, a building disconnected from the main building that was formerly an engine room and laundry was converted into quarters for the “quit colored female patients,” thereby relieving the main “colored” building from crowded conditions (Annual Report 1896:14).<br />
[[image:Eshaaw.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
The relief was temporary, however, for in 1898, he reported that the “negro male patients, irrespective of the types of their maladies, are crowded into one ward. Every consideration dictates that these patients should be intelligently classified and separated into wards according to the nature of their respective maladies, as is attempted to be done with the white patients” (Annual Report 1898:8). In 1913, the Superintendent pleaded that a “new building for colored females” was an “absolute necessity.” He explained that in “a building erected in 1817, with no<br />
modern improvements, we are conducting a male and female ward, separated only by a brick partition wall, with a sufficient number of colored male patients to fill the whole building, nearby, we have another colored female ward in a building at one time used as a laundry, and which now should be condemned” (Annual Report1913:40).<br />
<br />
It does not appear that a new building dedicated to the housing of African American patients was constructed until 1951 when the Wendell building was constructed. The building was named after Thomas Tyler Wendell, an African American physician that served the Asylum as well as the Lexington community during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. No longer segregated, the building serves as patient housing today.<br />
<br />
===THE PLEASURE GROUNDS AND FARM===<br />
In 1829, the Legislature appropriated $1,200.00 to erect three brick walls, to enclose a yard around the asylum for the exercise of the patients. The walls were to enclose about an acre and a half, in the rear of the buildings. The ground to be enclosed by the walls was to be divided into three yards; one for females and the other two for males; so as to allow a separation of the males into two classes.<br />
<br />
In 1861, one hundred and thirty acres of land was finally added to the asylum. A stable for milk cows, 84 feet long and 16 feet wide was erected, along with a carriage house, wagon shed, piggery and a slaughter house. A comparison of the small rectangular airing yards for males and females depicted on the 1837 site plan, and the 1861 topographic map titled “The Pleasure Grounds” shows how far landscape design had come at the Kentucky<br />
Lunatic Asylum. The 1861 map depicts circular drives, groves of trees, a flower garden, fountain, orchard, and fish pond. They continued to add to the grounds over the years. For example, in 1875 a large reservoir was completed. In 1898, they supplemented the orchard by planting four hundred fruit trees, including: 100 plum, 100 peach, 100 pear, and 100 cherry trees. In addition to the male and female buildings, an 1871 birds eye view of the asylum shows a network of circular drives and groves of trees and an 1877 atlas of the site shows an even more extensive network of roads and walks. In fact, as late as 1901, several thousand additional feet of walks were being laid. In 1869, the Directors reported that “our pleasure grounds, provided with seats, arbors, flower gardens, swings, & ca., are extensive, and are growing more beautiful every day (Annual Report 1869:16).<br />
<br />
<br />
===20th CENTURY===<br />
In 1904, a pair of bowling alleys by the Brunswick Balke Collender Company, and a new building to house them was constructed near building 23(Annual Report 1904:8). The bowling alleys are no longer standing.<br />
<br />
1904 the Superintendent requested an appropriation for the erection of a “modern laundry.” He explained that the present one was situated over the engine room, where steam and coal dust filter through the floor and make it next to impossible to properly launder the clothing. In addition, he argued, during the warm months the laundry employees are forced to do their work in a temperature of one hundred and twenty to one hundred and thirty degrees, owing to the excessive heat from the engine room. The new laundry was completed in 1906 and looks today, much as it did when constructed.<br />
<br />
In 1913, the Superintendent declared that in “this day of enlightenment, a hospital for the insane without special quarters for Tubercular and Pellagra patients separate and distinct from the main buildings, is criminal negligence, and should not be tolerated”. A tubercular hospital, designed to comfortably accommodate twenty-two patients, was completed in 1914. This structure is longer standing.<br />
<br />
In 1915, the Superintendent proclaimed that a “nurses home” is “badly needed” and “would enable us to have better nurses and retain them longer. Working and sleeping in the same ward, and surrounded by patients,year after year, is not conductive to health or capacity”. In 1927 the nurses home was constructed. It was a two-story brick building with a capacity for thirty-six nurses. All of the excavating work was done by inmate labor, and the entire upper floor of the building was completed by the institution forces.<br />
<br />
In the 1920s, the Superintendent reported that Eastern State Hospital was the only institution in the United States experimenting with the use of sawdust beds for the “helpless, untidy insane.” He explained that once he learned of their use in Germany he had thirty-four of the beds installed at Eastern State Hospital. They were oblong boxes, made of one-inch dressed boards six and one-half feet long, thirty<br />
inches wide, and eighteen inches deep, standing on legs twelve inches high and painted white. They were filled with fresh sawdust to within six inches of the top. According to the Superintendent, the patient, clothed in a short night shirt, laid directly on the sawdust, which conformed to the shape of the body. A pillow was placed under the head and the patient was covered with a sheet and blanket. He explained that the excrement from the bowels and kidneys with the small amount of sawdust that was soiled was scooped out immediately with an ordinary six inch<br />
scoop. Fresh saw dust was added from time to time to keep the total amount up to the twelve-inch level (Annual Report 1925-1927). It is unclear how long sawdust beds were employed at Eastern State Hospital.<br />
<br />
Between 1938 and 1943 the Gragg building was renovated, this was the hospital's original building completed in 1824. At the end of WW 2 the hospital reached it's peak population of just over 2,000. Also new treatments were being used, including Electro and Metrozol shock treatment, Malarial fever therapy & lobotomies. The patient population began to finally decline by the mid-1950s, at this time the Wendell and Allen buildings were completed. Farming operations, run by the patients was terminated in 1957 & property sold to IBM for their new facility. 1967 brought the first patient population under 1,000 in many years.<br />
<br />
[[image:EasternState2a.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
On September 10th, 2013 the patients were moved to the new facility & the old hospital officially closed. Demolition of all buildings, except the Administration & laundry buildings, was complete by February 2014.<br />
<br />
===New Hospital===<br />
In October, 2013 a new facility was opened under the same name. This replaced the aging one, the property having been turned over to BCTC (Bluegrass Community Technical College). The new hospital consists of 3 patient care towers of 3 floors each. The towers link to the old hospital in their names; Allen, Gragg & Wendell. They were opened in October 2013 with the Allen to open in 2014. The new campus also includes the Central Kentucky Recovery Center, 4 personal care buildings designed to help individuals return to the community. Located on the University of Kentucky's Coldstream Research Campus and managed by UK HealthCare, the state-owned facility will provide care for patients from Fayette and surrounding 49 counties.<br />
<br />
== Images of Eastern State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Eastern State Hospital Lexington Image Gallery|Eastern State Hospital Lexington]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
file:EasternState1a.jpg<br />
file:ESHk.jpg<br />
file:ESHb.jpg<br />
file:ESHt.JPG<br />
File:EasternState2a.jpg<br />
File:ESH71.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There is a cemetery at the rear of the property that contains approx. 4,000 to 6,000 sets of remains of former patients buried on the property between 1824 & 1956. This cemetery has been in place since 1984 after the original cemetery had been moved twice. An unknown number graves exist throughout the hospital containing as may as 4,000 additional graves.<br />
<br />
==Video==<br />
2 old movies found at the University of Kentucky and a 3rd that had been held at ESH and recently converted to digital format.<br />
<br />
<videoflash>zWIMma7emSg</videoflash><br />
<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[https://kentuckyhistoricinstitutions.com/asylums/eastern-state-hospital/ History Website]<br />
*[https://kentuckyhistoricinstitutions.com/asylums/eastern-state-hospital/esh-death-index/ List of Known Burials]<br />
*[https://kentuckyhistoricinstitutions.com/esh-admissions-data/ Admission Records]<br />
*[https://kentuckyhistoricinstitutions.com/esh-census-info/ Census Records]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''The Early Gatekeepers: A Saga of Three American Institutions'', by Wynelle Deese<br />
*''Kentucky's First Asylum: A Saga of the People and Practices'', by Wynelle Deese<br />
<br />
==News==<br />
* April 26, 2011 [http://kykernel.com/2011/04/26/excavations-continue-at-eastern-state-hospital/ Excavations continue at Eastern State Hospital]<br />
* February 3, 2011 [http://www.kentucky.com/2011/02/03/1622047/eastern-state-hospital-demolition.html Eastern State Hospital demolition]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kentucky]]<br />
[[Category:Rambling Plan]]<br />
[[Category:Demolished Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=South_Carolina&diff=42543South Carolina2022-01-01T05:36:55Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox state<br />
| Name = South Carolina<br />
| flag = 744px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png<br />
| flagAlt = Flag of South Carolina<br />
| seal = SouthCarolinastateseal.jpg<br />
| sealAlt = Seal of South Carolina<br />
| Motto = Dum spiro spero (While I breathe, I hope)<br />
| Map = 286px-Map_of_USA_SC.svg.png<br />
| MapAlt = <br />
| Nickname = The Palmetto State<br />
| Capital = Columbia<br />
| LargestCity = Columbia<br />
| Total_Area_mile = 32,020<br />
| Total_Area_km = 82,931<br />
| Width_mile = 200<br />
| Width_km = 320<br />
| Length_mile = 260<br />
| Length_km = 420<br />
| total_state_population = 4,774,839 (2013)<br />
| total_mh_inpatient_pop = <br />
| year_past_peak_pop = <br />
| past_mh_inpatient_pop = <br />
| total_number_mental_health_institutions = <br />
| current_number_public_institutions = <br />
| current_number_private_institutions = <br />
| year_peak_mh_institutions = <br />
| peak_mh_institutions = <br />
| year_peak_state_hospitals = <br />
| peak_state_hospitals = <br />
| year_peak_state_schools = <br />
| peak_state_schools = <br />
| year_peak_private_mental_hospitals = <br />
| peak_private_mental_hospitals = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==State Hospitals==<br />
* [[Anderson-Oconee-Pickens Mental Health Center]]<br />
* [[G. Werber Bryan Psychiatric Hospital]]<br />
* [[Gilliam Psychiatric Hospital]]<br />
* [[Palmetto State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Patrick B. Harris Psychiatric Hospital]]<br />
* [[Richland Springs Psychiatric Hospital]]<br />
* [[South Carolina State Hospital]]<br />
* [[William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute]]<br />
<br />
==State Schools==<br />
* [[Pineland State Training School and Hospital]]<br />
* [[Whitten Village]]<br />
<br />
==Reform Schools==<br />
* [[South Carolina Industrial School for Boys]]<br />
* [[South Carolina Industrial School for Girls]]<br />
* [[South Carolina Reformatory for Negro Boys]]<br />
<br />
==Private Institutions==<br />
* [[Waverley Sanitarium]]<br />
<br />
==County Institutions==<br />
* [[Waccamaw Mental Health Center]]<br />
<br />
==Sanitariums==<br />
*[[Greenville Sanitarium]]<br />
*[[South Carolina State Sanatorium]]<br />
*[[Waverly Sanitarium]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:United States of America]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Brewer_Orphan_Asylum&diff=42542Brewer Orphan Asylum2022-01-01T05:34:24Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Brewer Orphan Asylum<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1866<br />
| construction_began =<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened =<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = <br />
| building_style =<br />
| architect(s) =<br />
| location = near Wilmington, N. C.<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Brewer Normal School <ref> Source: [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Missionary/ds3NAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Brewer%20Orphan%20Asylum%20north%20carolina&pg=PA206&printsec=frontcover&bsq=Brewer%20Orphan%20Asylum%20north%20carolina https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Missionary/ds3NAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Brewer%20Orphan%20Asylum%20north%20carolina&pg=PA206&printsec=frontcover&bsq=Brewer%20Orphan%20Asylum%20north%20carolina]</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
*At Freedom's Margins: Race, Disability, Violence and the Brewer Orphan Asylum in Southeastern North Carolina, 1866-1872, Hilary N Green. ''Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians,'' October 2016, Vol. 24, pp. 1-22. https://www.nchistorians.org/testing/index.php/JNCAH/article/view/22 <br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
[[category:North Carolina]]<br />
[[Category:Orphan Asylum]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=North_Carolina&diff=42541North Carolina2022-01-01T05:32:18Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox state<br />
| Name = North Carolina<br />
| flag = 750px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png<br />
| flagAlt = Flag of North Carolina<br />
| seal = North_Carolina_state_seal.png<br />
| sealAlt = Seal of north Carolina<br />
| Motto = Esse quam videri (To be, rather than to seem)<br />
| Map = 286px-Map_of_USA_NC.svg.png<br />
| MapAlt = <br />
| Nickname = Tar Heel State<br />
| Capital = Raleigh<br />
| LargestCity = Charlotte<br />
| Total_Area_mile = 53,865<br />
| Total_Area_km = 139,509<br />
| Width_mile = 150<br />
| Width_km = 340<br />
| Length_mile = 560<br />
| Length_km = 900<br />
| total_state_population = 9,848,060 (2013 est)<br />
| total_mh_inpatient_pop = <br />
| year_past_peak_pop = <br />
| past_mh_inpatient_pop = <br />
| total_number_mental_health_institutions = <br />
| current_number_public_institutions = 4<br />
| current_number_private_institutions = <br />
| year_peak_mh_institutions = <br />
| peak_mh_institutions = <br />
| year_peak_state_hospitals = <br />
| peak_state_hospitals = 4<br />
| year_peak_state_schools = 1969<br />
| peak_state_schools = 5<br />
| year_peak_private_mental_hospitals = <br />
| peak_private_mental_hospitals = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== State Hospitals ==<br />
* [[Black Mountain Developmental Center]]<br />
* [[Broughton Hospital]]<br />
* [[Butner State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Cherry Hospital]]<br />
* [[Dorothea Dix Hospital]]<br />
* [[North Carolina Hospital for Dangerous Insane]]<br />
<br />
== State Schools ==<br />
<br />
* [[Caswell Developmental Center]]<br />
* [[Goldsboro Training School]]<br />
* [[J. Iverson Riddle Developmental Center]]<br />
* [[Murdoch Developmental Center]]<br />
* [[School for Deaf and Dumb]]<br />
* [[Whitaker School]]<br />
* [[Wright School]]<br />
<br />
==Reform Schools==<br />
* [[Morrison Training School]]<br />
* [[Stonewall Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School]]<br />
<br />
==County Institutions==<br />
* [[Johnston County Mental Health Center]]<br />
<br />
==Private Institutions==<br />
* [[Appalachian Hall]]<br />
* [[Broadoaks Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Glenwood Park Sanitarium]]<br />
* [[Highland Hospital for Nervous Diseases]]<br />
* [[Tranquil Park Sanitarium]]<br />
<br />
== Sanitariums ==<br />
* [[Forsyth County Tuberculosis Hospital]]<br />
* [[North Carolina Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Swanonoa Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Winyah Sanatorium]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Orphan Asylums==<br />
* [[Brewer Orphan Asylum]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:United States of America]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Brewer_Orphan_Asylum&diff=42540Brewer Orphan Asylum2022-01-01T04:53:45Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Brewer Orphan Asylum<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1866<br />
| construction_began =<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened =<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = <br />
| building_style =<br />
| architect(s) =<br />
| location = near Wilmington, N. C.<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Brewer Normal School <ref> Source: [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Missionary/ds3NAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Brewer%20Orphan%20Asylum%20north%20carolina&pg=PA206&printsec=frontcover&bsq=Brewer%20Orphan%20Asylum%20north%20carolina https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Missionary/ds3NAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Brewer%20Orphan%20Asylum%20north%20carolina&pg=PA206&printsec=frontcover&bsq=Brewer%20Orphan%20Asylum%20north%20carolina]</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
*At Freedom's Margins: Race, Disability, Violence and the Brewer Orphan Asylum in Southeastern North Carolina, 1866-1872, Hilary N Green. ''Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians,'' October 2016, Vol. 24, pp. 1-22. https://www.nchistorians.org/testing/index.php/JNCAH/article/view/22 <br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
[[category:South Carolina]]<br />
[[Category:Orphan Asylum]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Brewer_Orphan_Asylum&diff=42539Brewer Orphan Asylum2022-01-01T04:37:42Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Brewer Orphan Asylum<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1866<br />
| construction_began =<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened =<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = <br />
| building_style =<br />
| architect(s) =<br />
| location = near Wilmington, N. C.<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names = Brewer Normal School<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
*At Freedom's Margins: Race, Disability, Violence and the Brewer Orphan Asylum in Southeastern North Carolina, 1866-1872, Hilary N Green. ''Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians,'' October 2016, Vol. 24, pp. 1-22. https://www.nchistorians.org/testing/index.php/JNCAH/article/view/22 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[category:South Carolina]]<br />
[[Category:Orphan Asylum]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Brewer_Orphan_Asylum&diff=42538Brewer Orphan Asylum2022-01-01T04:33:58Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name =<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1866<br />
| construction_began =<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened =<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = <br />
| building_style =<br />
| architect(s) =<br />
| location =<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names = Brewer Normal School<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
*At Freedom's Margins: Race, Disability, Violence and the Brewer Orphan Asylum in Southeastern North Carolina, 1866-1872, Hilary N Green. ''Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians,'' October 2016, Vol. 24, pp. 1-22. https://www.nchistorians.org/testing/index.php/JNCAH/article/view/22 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[category:South Carolina]]<br />
[[Category:Orphan Asylum]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Brewer_Orphan_Asylum&diff=42537Brewer Orphan Asylum2022-01-01T04:33:21Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name =<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1866<br />
| construction_began =<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened =<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = <br />
| building_style =<br />
| architect(s) =<br />
| location =<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names = Brewer Normal School<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
**At Freedom's Margins: Race, Disability, Violence and the Brewer Orphan Asylum in Southeastern North Carolina, 1866-1872, Hilary N Green. ''Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians,'' October 2016, Vol. 24, pp. 1-22. https://www.nchistorians.org/testing/index.php/JNCAH/article/view/22 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[category:South Carolina]]<br />
[[Category:Orphan Asylum]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Brewer_Orphan_Asylum&diff=42536Brewer Orphan Asylum2022-01-01T04:26:08Z<p>OgdredWeary: Created page with "{{infobox institution | name = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | established = | construction_began = | construction_ended = | opened = | closed = | demolished =..."</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name =<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = <br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began =<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened =<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = <br />
| building_style =<br />
| architect(s) =<br />
| location =<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names = Brewer Normal School<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
[[category:South Carolina]]<br />
[[Category:Orphan Asylum]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=South_Carolina&diff=42535South Carolina2022-01-01T04:21:24Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox state<br />
| Name = South Carolina<br />
| flag = 744px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png<br />
| flagAlt = Flag of South Carolina<br />
| seal = SouthCarolinastateseal.jpg<br />
| sealAlt = Seal of South Carolina<br />
| Motto = Dum spiro spero (While I breathe, I hope)<br />
| Map = 286px-Map_of_USA_SC.svg.png<br />
| MapAlt = <br />
| Nickname = The Palmetto State<br />
| Capital = Columbia<br />
| LargestCity = Columbia<br />
| Total_Area_mile = 32,020<br />
| Total_Area_km = 82,931<br />
| Width_mile = 200<br />
| Width_km = 320<br />
| Length_mile = 260<br />
| Length_km = 420<br />
| total_state_population = 4,774,839 (2013)<br />
| total_mh_inpatient_pop = <br />
| year_past_peak_pop = <br />
| past_mh_inpatient_pop = <br />
| total_number_mental_health_institutions = <br />
| current_number_public_institutions = <br />
| current_number_private_institutions = <br />
| year_peak_mh_institutions = <br />
| peak_mh_institutions = <br />
| year_peak_state_hospitals = <br />
| peak_state_hospitals = <br />
| year_peak_state_schools = <br />
| peak_state_schools = <br />
| year_peak_private_mental_hospitals = <br />
| peak_private_mental_hospitals = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==State Hospitals==<br />
* [[Anderson-Oconee-Pickens Mental Health Center]]<br />
* [[G. Werber Bryan Psychiatric Hospital]]<br />
* [[Gilliam Psychiatric Hospital]]<br />
* [[Palmetto State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Patrick B. Harris Psychiatric Hospital]]<br />
* [[Richland Springs Psychiatric Hospital]]<br />
* [[South Carolina State Hospital]]<br />
* [[William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute]]<br />
<br />
==State Schools==<br />
* [[Pineland State Training School and Hospital]]<br />
* [[Whitten Village]]<br />
<br />
==Reform Schools==<br />
* [[South Carolina Industrial School for Boys]]<br />
* [[South Carolina Industrial School for Girls]]<br />
* [[South Carolina Reformatory for Negro Boys]]<br />
<br />
==Private Institutions==<br />
* [[Waverley Sanitarium]]<br />
<br />
==County Institutions==<br />
* [[Waccamaw Mental Health Center]]<br />
<br />
==Sanitariums==<br />
*[[Greenville Sanitarium]]<br />
*[[South Carolina State Sanatorium]]<br />
*[[Waverly Sanitarium]]<br />
<br />
==Orphan Asylums==<br />
* [[Brewer Orphan Asylum]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:United States of America]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42534Bryce Hospital2022-01-01T04:05:48Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
<br />
*''An insight into an insane asylum,'' Rev. Joseph Camp. [Louisville? Ky.] Pub. for the author, 1882. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008587811 Free eBook from HathiTrust] [https://www.google.com/books/edition/An_Insight_Into_an_Insane_Asylum/M8dCAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover Free eBook in Google Books]<br />
<br />
*''An insight into an insane asylum,'' Joseph Camp, John S Hughes. Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press, 2010. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/An_Insight_Into_an_Insane_Asylum/23-HT4hE_GMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover Preview version in Google Books] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796384796 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital established Tuscaloosa as center of mental-health care'', Jason Morton. TuscaloosaNews.com [https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/special/2019/12/31/bryce-hospital-established-tuscaloosa-as-center-of-mental-health-care/1977553007/ Published Dec. 30, 2019. Updated Dec. 31, 2019]<br />
<br />
*The construction of the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1852-1861, Robert O Mellown. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1985, Vol. 38 Iss. 2, pp. 83-104. <br />
<br />
*"Country boys make the best nurses" : nursing the insane in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S Huges. ''Journal of the History of Medicine & Allied Sciences,'' January 1994, Vol. 49 Iss. 1, pp. 79-106. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/49.1.79<br />
<br />
*Establishing and organizing the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1846-1861. Bill L Weaver. ''Alabama Review.'' July 1995, Vol. 48, Iss. 3, pp. 219-232. <br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Insights into an insane asylum. John S Hughes. ''Alabama Heritage,'' April 1994, Iss. 32, pp. 18-29.<br />
<br />
*Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S Hughes. ''The Journal of Southern History'', August 1992, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 435-460. https://doi.org/10.2307/2210163 <br />
<br />
*''Life in a 19th Century Insane Asylum,'' The History Engine, University of Richmond. [https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5405 Full text]<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Burt Rieff. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
*Rewriting Elizabeth : A Life Lost (and Found) in the Annals of Bryce Mental Hospital. Lindsay Byron. ''Southern Cultures'', Summer 2014, Vol. 20 Iss. 2 pp. 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1353/scu.2014.0011<br />
<br />
*Survival at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1861–1892. Bill L Weaver. ''Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences'', January 1996, Vol. 51, Iss. 1, pp. 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/51.1.5<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Tuscaloosa, Ala.)'' [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n92071362/ List of items in WorldCat]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Records==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''The challenges of Bryce Hospital Records,'' Tuscaloosa Public Library. [https://www.tuscaloosa-library.org/the-challenges-of-accessing-medical-records/ Published February 4, 2016]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42533Bryce Hospital2022-01-01T04:01:54Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
<br />
*''An insight into an insane asylum,'' Rev. Joseph Camp. [Louisville? Ky.] Pub. for the author, 1882. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008587811 Free eBook from HathiTrust] [https://www.google.com/books/edition/An_Insight_Into_an_Insane_Asylum/M8dCAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover Free eBook in Google Books]<br />
<br />
*''An insight into an insane asylum,'' Joseph Camp, John S Hughes. Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press, 2010. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/An_Insight_Into_an_Insane_Asylum/23-HT4hE_GMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover Preview version in Google Books] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796384796 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital established Tuscaloosa as center of mental-health care'', Jason Morton. TuscaloosaNews.com [https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/special/2019/12/31/bryce-hospital-established-tuscaloosa-as-center-of-mental-health-care/1977553007/ Published Dec. 30, 2019. Updated Dec. 31, 2019]<br />
<br />
*"Country boys make the best nurses" : nursing the insane in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S Huges. ''Journal of the History of Medicine & Allied Sciences,'' January 1994, Vol. 49 Iss. 1, pp. 79-106. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/49.1.79<br />
<br />
*Establishing and organizing the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1846-1861. Bill L Weaver. ''Alabama Review.'' July 1995, Vol. 48, Iss. 3, pp. 219-232. <br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Insights into an insane asylum. John S Hughes. ''Alabama Heritage,'' April 1994, Iss. 32, pp. 18-29.<br />
<br />
*Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S Hughes. ''The Journal of Southern History'', August 1992, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 435-460. https://doi.org/10.2307/2210163 <br />
<br />
*''Life in a 19th Century Insane Asylum,'' The History Engine, University of Richmond. [https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5405 Full text]<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Burt Rieff. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
*Rewriting Elizabeth : A Life Lost (and Found) in the Annals of Bryce Mental Hospital. Lindsay Byron. ''Southern Cultures'', Summer 2014, Vol. 20 Iss. 2 pp. 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1353/scu.2014.0011<br />
<br />
*Survival at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1861–1892. Bill L Weaver. ''Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences'', January 1996, Vol. 51, Iss. 1, pp. 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/51.1.5<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Tuscaloosa, Ala.)'' [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n92071362/ List of items in WorldCat]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Records==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''The challenges of Bryce Hospital Records,'' Tuscaloosa Public Library. [https://www.tuscaloosa-library.org/the-challenges-of-accessing-medical-records/ Published February 4, 2016]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42532Bryce Hospital2022-01-01T03:53:03Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
<br />
*''An insight into an insane asylum,'' Rev. Joseph Camp. [Louisville? Ky.] Pub. for the author, 1882. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008587811 Free eBook from HathiTrust] [https://www.google.com/books/edition/An_Insight_Into_an_Insane_Asylum/M8dCAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover Free eBook in Google Books]<br />
<br />
*''An insight into an insane asylum,'' Joseph Camp, John S Hughes. Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press, 2010. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/An_Insight_Into_an_Insane_Asylum/23-HT4hE_GMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover Preview version in Google Books] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796384796 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital established Tuscaloosa as center of mental-health care'', Jason Morton. TuscaloosaNews.com [https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/special/2019/12/31/bryce-hospital-established-tuscaloosa-as-center-of-mental-health-care/1977553007/ Published Dec. 30, 2019. Updated Dec. 31, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Establishing and organizing the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1846-1861. Bill L Weaver. ''Alabama Review.'' July 1995, Vol. 48, Iss. 3, pp. 219-232. <br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Insights into an insane asylum. John S Hughes. ''Alabama Heritage,'' April 1994, Iss. 32, pp. 18-29.<br />
<br />
*Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S Hughes. ''The Journal of Southern History'', August 1992, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 435-460. https://doi.org/10.2307/2210163 <br />
<br />
*''Life in a 19th Century Insane Asylum,'' The History Engine, University of Richmond. [https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5405 Full text]<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Burt Rieff. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
*Rewriting Elizabeth : A Life Lost (and Found) in the Annals of Bryce Mental Hospital. Lindsay Byron. ''Southern Cultures'', Summer 2014, Vol. 20 Iss. 2 pp. 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1353/scu.2014.0011<br />
<br />
*Survival at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1861–1892. Bill L Weaver. ''Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences'', January 1996, Vol. 51, Iss. 1, pp. 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/51.1.5<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Tuscaloosa, Ala.)'' [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n92071362/ List of items in WorldCat]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Records==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''The challenges of Bryce Hospital Records,'' Tuscaloosa Public Library. [https://www.tuscaloosa-library.org/the-challenges-of-accessing-medical-records/ Published February 4, 2016]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42531Bryce Hospital2022-01-01T03:51:16Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
<br />
*''An insight into an insane asylum,'' Rev. Joseph Camp. [Louisville? Ky.] Pub. for the author, 1882. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008587811 Free eBook from HathiTrust] [https://www.google.com/books/edition/An_Insight_Into_an_Insane_Asylum/M8dCAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover Free eBook in Google Books]<br />
<br />
*''An insight into an insane asylum,'' Joseph Camp, John S Hughes. Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press, 2010. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/An_Insight_Into_an_Insane_Asylum/23-HT4hE_GMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover Preview version in Google Books] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796384796 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital established Tuscaloosa as center of mental-health care'', Jason Morton. TuscaloosaNews.com [https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/special/2019/12/31/bryce-hospital-established-tuscaloosa-as-center-of-mental-health-care/1977553007/ Published Dec. 30, 2019. Updated Dec. 31, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Establishing and organizing the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1846-1861. Bill L Weaver. ''Alabama Review.'' July 1995, Vol. 48, Iss. 3, pp. 219-232. <br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Insights into an insane asylum. John S Hughes. ''Alabama Heritage'' April 1994, Iss. 32, pp. 18-29.<br />
<br />
*Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S. Hughes. ''The Journal of Southern History'', August 1992, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 435-460. https://doi.org/10.2307/2210163 <br />
<br />
*''Life in a 19th Century Insane Asylum,'' The History Engine, University of Richmond. [https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5405 Full text]<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Burt Rieff. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
*Rewriting Elizabeth : A Life Lost (and Found) in the Annals of Bryce Mental Hospital. Lindsay Byron. ''Southern Cultures'', Summer 2014, Vol. 20 Iss. 2 pp. 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1353/scu.2014.0011<br />
<br />
*Survival at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1861–1892. Bill L Weaver. ''Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences'', January 1996, Vol. 51, Iss. 1, pp. 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/51.1.5<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Tuscaloosa, Ala.)'' [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n92071362/ List of items in WorldCat]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Records==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''The challenges of Bryce Hospital Records,'' Tuscaloosa Public Library. [https://www.tuscaloosa-library.org/the-challenges-of-accessing-medical-records/ Published February 4, 2016]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42530Bryce Hospital2022-01-01T02:58:38Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital established Tuscaloosa as center of mental-health care'', Jason Morton. TuscaloosaNews.com [https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/special/2019/12/31/bryce-hospital-established-tuscaloosa-as-center-of-mental-health-care/1977553007/ Published Dec. 30, 2019. Updated Dec. 31, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Establishing and organizing the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1846-1861. Bill L Weaver. ''Alabama Review.'' July 1995, Vol. 48, Iss. 3, pp. 219-232. <br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S. Hughes. ''The Journal of Southern History'', August 1992, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 435-460. https://doi.org/10.2307/2210163 <br />
<br />
*''Life in a 19th Century Insane Asylum,'' The History Engine, University of Richmond. [https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5405 Full text]<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Burt Rieff. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
*Rewriting Elizabeth : A Life Lost (and Found) in the Annals of Bryce Mental Hospital. Lindsay Byron. ''Southern Cultures'', Summer 2014, Vol. 20 Iss. 2 pp. 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1353/scu.2014.0011<br />
<br />
*Survival at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1861–1892. Bill L Weaver. ''Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences'', January 1996, Vol. 51, Iss. 1, pp. 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/51.1.5<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Tuscaloosa, Ala.)'' [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n92071362/ List of items in WorldCat]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Records==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''The challenges of Bryce Hospital Records,'' Tuscaloosa Public Library. [https://www.tuscaloosa-library.org/the-challenges-of-accessing-medical-records/ Published February 4, 2016]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42529Bryce Hospital2022-01-01T02:52:34Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital established Tuscaloosa as center of mental-health care'', Jason Morton. TuscaloosaNews.com [https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/special/2019/12/31/bryce-hospital-established-tuscaloosa-as-center-of-mental-health-care/1977553007/ Published Dec. 30, 2019. Updated Dec. 31, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Establishing and organizing the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1846-1861. Bill L Weaver. ''Alabama Review.'' July 1995, Vol. 48, Iss. 3, pp. 219-232. <br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S. Hughes. ''The Journal of Southern History'', August 1992, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 435-460. https://doi.org/10.2307/2210163 <br />
<br />
*''Life in a 19th Century Insane Asylum,'' The History Engine, University of Richmond. [https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5405 Full text]<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Burt Rieff. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
*Rewriting Elizabeth : A Life Lost (and Found) in the Annals of Bryce Mental Hospital. Lindsay Byron. ''Southern Cultures'', Summer 2014, vol. 20 iss. 2 pp. 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1353/scu.2014.0011<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Tuscaloosa, Ala.)'' [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n92071362/ List of items in WorldCat]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Records==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''The challenges of Bryce Hospital Records,'' Tuscaloosa Public Library. [https://www.tuscaloosa-library.org/the-challenges-of-accessing-medical-records/ Published February 4, 2016]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42528Bryce Hospital2022-01-01T02:33:51Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital established Tuscaloosa as center of mental-health care'', Jason Morton. TuscaloosaNews.com [https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/special/2019/12/31/bryce-hospital-established-tuscaloosa-as-center-of-mental-health-care/1977553007/ Published Dec. 30, 2019. Updated Dec. 31, 2019]<br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S. Hughes. ''The Journal of Southern History'', August 1992, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 435-460. https://doi.org/10.2307/2210163 <br />
<br />
*''Life in a 19th Century Insane Asylum,'' The History Engine, University of Richmond. [https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5405 Full text]<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Burt Rieff. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
*Rewriting Elizabeth : A Life Lost (and Found) in the Annals of Bryce Mental Hospital. Lindsay Byron. ''Southern Cultures'', Summer 2014, vol. 20 iss. 2 pp. 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1353/scu.2014.0011<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Tuscaloosa, Ala.)'' [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n92071362/ List of items in WorldCat]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Records==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''The challenges of Bryce Hospital Records,'' Tuscaloosa Public Library. [https://www.tuscaloosa-library.org/the-challenges-of-accessing-medical-records/ Published February 4, 2016]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42527Bryce Hospital2022-01-01T01:38:20Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital established Tuscaloosa as center of mental-health care'', Jason Morton. TuscaloosaNews.com [https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/special/2019/12/31/bryce-hospital-established-tuscaloosa-as-center-of-mental-health-care/1977553007/ Published Dec. 30, 2019. Updated Dec. 31, 2019]<br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S. Hughes. ''The Journal of Southern History'', August 1992, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 435-460. https://doi.org/10.2307/2210163 <br />
<br />
*''Life in a 19th Century Insane Asylum,'' The History Engine, University of Richmond. [https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5405 Full text]<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Burt Rieff. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Tuscaloosa, Ala.)'' [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n92071362/ List of items in WorldCat]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Records==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''The challenges of Bryce Hospital Records,'' Tuscaloosa Public Library. [https://www.tuscaloosa-library.org/the-challenges-of-accessing-medical-records/ Published February 4, 2016]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42526Bryce Hospital2022-01-01T01:36:59Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital established Tuscaloosa as center of mental-health care'', Jason Morton. TuscaloosaNews.com [https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/special/2019/12/31/bryce-hospital-established-tuscaloosa-as-center-of-mental-health-care/1977553007/ Published Dec. 30, 2019. Updated Dec. 31, 2019]<br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S. Hughes. ''The Journal of Southern History'', August 1992, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 435-460. https://doi.org/10.2307/2210163 <br />
<br />
*''Life in a 19th Century Insane Asylum,'' The History Engine, University of Richmond. [https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5405 Full text]<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Rieff, Burt. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Tuscaloosa, Ala.)'' [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n92071362/ List of items in WorldCat]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Records==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''The challenges of Bryce Hospital Records,'' Tuscaloosa Public Library. [https://www.tuscaloosa-library.org/the-challenges-of-accessing-medical-records/ Published February 4, 2016]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42525Bryce Hospital2021-12-31T08:34:35Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital established Tuscaloosa as center of mental-health care'', Jason Morton. TuscaloosaNews.com [https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/special/2019/12/31/bryce-hospital-established-tuscaloosa-as-center-of-mental-health-care/1977553007/ Published Dec. 30, 2019. Updated Dec. 31, 2019]<br />
<br />
*''The challenges of Bryce Hospital Records,'' Tuscaloosa Public Library. [https://www.tuscaloosa-library.org/the-challenges-of-accessing-medical-records/ Published February 4, 2016]<br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S. Hughes. ''The Journal of Southern History'', August 1992, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 435-460. https://doi.org/10.2307/2210163 <br />
<br />
*''Life in a 19th Century Insane Asylum,'' The History Engine, University of Richmond. [https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5405 Full text]<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Rieff, Burt. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Tuscaloosa, Ala.)'' [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n92071362/ List of items in WorldCat]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42524Bryce Hospital2021-12-31T08:30:08Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Links */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital established Tuscaloosa as center of mental-health care'', Jason Morton. TuscaloosaNews.com [https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/special/2019/12/31/bryce-hospital-established-tuscaloosa-as-center-of-mental-health-care/1977553007/ Published Dec. 30, 2019. Updated Dec. 31, 2019]<br />
<br />
*''The challenges of Bryce Hospital Records,'' Tuscaloosa Public Library. [https://www.tuscaloosa-library.org/the-challenges-of-accessing-medical-records/ Published February 4, 2016]<br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S. Hughes. ''The Journal of Southern History'', August 1992, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 435-460. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2210163 Full text in JSTOR]<br />
<br />
*''Life in a 19th Century Insane Asylum,'' The History Engine, University of Richmond. [https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5405 Full text]<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Rieff, Burt. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Tuscaloosa, Ala.)'' [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n92071362/ List of items in WorldCat]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42523Bryce Hospital2021-12-31T08:25:55Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital established Tuscaloosa as center of mental-health care'', Jason Morton. TuscaloosaNews.com [https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/special/2019/12/31/bryce-hospital-established-tuscaloosa-as-center-of-mental-health-care/1977553007/ Published Dec. 30, 2019. Updated Dec. 31, 2019]<br />
<br />
*''The challenges of Bryce Hospital Records,'' Tuscaloosa Public Library. [https://www.tuscaloosa-library.org/the-challenges-of-accessing-medical-records/ Published February 4, 2016]<br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
*Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness in Alabama, 1861-1910. John S. Hughes. ''The Journal of Southern History'', August 1992, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 435-460. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2210163 Full text in JSTOR]<br />
<br />
*''Life in a 19th Century Insane Asylum,'' The History Engine, University of Richmond. [https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5405 Full text]<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Rieff, Burt. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42522Bryce Hospital2021-12-31T07:57:31Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital established Tuscaloosa as center of mental-health care'', Jason Morton. TuscaloosaNews.com [https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/special/2019/12/31/bryce-hospital-established-tuscaloosa-as-center-of-mental-health-care/1977553007/ Published Dec. 30, 2019. Updated Dec. 31, 2019]<br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Rieff, Burt. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42521Bryce Hospital2021-12-31T07:50:28Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011]<br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Rieff, Burt. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42520Bryce Hospital2021-12-31T07:49:24Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Rieff, Burt. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011]<br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42519Bryce Hospital2021-12-31T07:47:59Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Rieff, Burt. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Bryce Hospital (Alabama Insane Hospital)'', Bill Weaver, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Encyclopedia of Alabama. Published June 5, 2008. Last updated September 2, 2011. [http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1564 Full text]<br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42518Bryce Hospital2021-12-31T07:20:09Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Rieff, Burt. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Published Nov. 14, 2015. Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Published Jun. 21, 2016. Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42517Bryce Hospital2021-12-31T07:16:04Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Links */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Rieff, Burt. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''The Meteor : state publication, 1872-1881'', Alabama Insane Hospital. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122557615 Search WorldCat for archival copy] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905338283 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42516Bryce Hospital2021-12-31T06:49:33Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Rieff, Burt. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
*''Inside the spooky skeleton of Bryce, Alabama's historic insane hospital, as it undergoes restoration'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/inside_the_spooky_skeleton_of.html Updated Jan. 13, 2019]<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42515Bryce Hospital2021-12-31T05:49:01Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Links */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Rieff, Burt. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
*''1852 Alabama Documents relating to the Alabama Insane Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/timeline/1800/insane.html Digitized copies]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42514Bryce Hospital2021-12-31T05:40:28Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
*The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Rieff, Burt. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
*''Alabama insane asylum patient-journalists recorded their treatment in the 1800s; view vintage photos'', AL.com. [https://www.al.com/living/2015/11/alabama_insane_asylum_patient-.html Updated Jan. 13, 20219]<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42513Bryce Hospital2021-12-31T05:36:02Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Links */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Rieff, Burt. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
*''Mental Health History in Alabama, Bryce Hospital,'' Alabama Department of Mental Health website. [https://mh.alabama.gov/mental-health-history-in-alabama/ Full text]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42512Bryce Hospital2021-12-31T05:21:23Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Rieff, Burt. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*''Alabama Insane Hospital's newspaper The Meteor'', Alabama Department of Archives and History. [https://archives.alabama.gov/meteor/meteor.html Includes full text issues.]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42511Bryce Hospital2021-12-31T05:10:05Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
The Meteor : The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881. Rieff, Burt. ''Alabama Review,'' April 1999, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 105-120.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bryce_Hospital&diff=42510Bryce Hospital2021-12-31T05:09:01Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bryce Hospital<br />
| image = Brycehospital.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Bryce Hospital<br />
| caption = Bryce Hospital postcard<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1852 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1861 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan ]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Sloan <br />
| location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 5,200<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Alabama Insane Hospital, <br />
*Bryce Hospital for the Insane,<br />
*Tuscaloosa State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
==History==<br />
The planning for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1850's activists Thomas Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the imposing Italianate building after Kirkbride's model plan. The construction was an important source of employment in Reconstruction-era Tuscaloosa. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH02.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the "Alabama Insane Hospital," which was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.<br />
<br />
During the 20th century, however, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace was appalled after viewing the facility in February 1967, and earnestly lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.<br />
<br />
In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the fired workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was not affected. <ref> Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_State_Mental_Hospital] Wikipedia </ref><br />
<br />
== Time line == <br />
<br />
1852: Alabama Insane Hospital established by the Alabama Legislature on a 326-acre tract adjacent to the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1860: Peter Bryce, 26, elected first superintendent. During his tenure, Bryce abolishes straitjackets and restraints and insists on treating patients with dignity and respect.<br />
<br />
1861: The immense hospital, built on the model developed by Thomas Kirkbride and Samuel Sloan, opens. It features running water, flush toilets, gas lighting and is the first building in Tuscaloosa to have gas lights and central steam heat.<br />
<br />
1865: From the hospital's dome, observers watch Union troops burn the University of Alabama.<br />
<br />
1900: The state Legislature renames the hospital for Bryce, who died in 1892.<br />
<br />
1949: A report finds the state's two mental hospitals, Bryce and Searcy near Mobile, have an average daily patient population of 5,732 with 10 full-time staff physicians, the largest patient load of any state in the nation at the time.<br />
<br />
1970: A class-action lawsuit in federal court, Wyatt vs. Stickney, alleges that persons involuntarily committed to Bryce were not being treated. At the time, Alabama is 50th out of the 50 states in spending for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardation in public institutions, allotting 50 cents per day per patient.<br />
<br />
1971: U.S. District Court Judge Frank Johnson rules persons committed for treatment have a constitutional right to receive treatment.<br />
<br />
1972: Johnson issues minimum standards for mental health and mental retardation facilities.<br />
<br />
1995: U.S. District Court Judge Myron Thompson releases several mental health facilities from supervision under the Wyatt case and finds the department in compliance with about a third of the mental illness and mental retardation standards.<br />
<br />
1996: The Mary Starke Harper Center on the Bryce campus opens as the first psychiatric facility in the country designed specifically for geriatric patients.<br />
<br />
2003: Thompson terminates Wyatt vs. Stickney case after 33 years. <ref> Source: [http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html http://blog.al.com/bn/2008/01/the_history_bryce_hospital.html]</ref><br />
<br />
2015: As part of a $60 million restoration project, the outer east & west wings were demolished. The center administration building and adjoining wings are going to be preserved and used as a preserving arts center.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Bryce Hospital ==<br />
*[[:Category:Bryce Hospital Images|Click here for more Bryce Hospital Images]]<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH03.jpg<br />
File:Bryce Hospital Alabama NH04.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P001.jpg<br />
File:Bryce P002.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
There are 4 cemeteries located on the grounds. The oldest cemetery features at least thirty-seven marked graves, the earliest of which dates to 1892. There are an undetermined number of unmarked burials. It is speculated that these burials were originally part of Old Bryce Cemetery, located north of here, but were moved during the construction of River Road in the 1960's. Another cemetery was established in 1922 and was closed for burials in 1953. It contains approximately 1550 burials mostly marked with simple, chronological numbered concrete grave markers that correspond to cemetery ledger books in the possession of The Alabama Department of Mental Health. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Articles==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Alabama]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
<br />
Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, page 59-64.</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Worcester_State_Hospital&diff=42501Worcester State Hospital2021-12-30T20:19:41Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Books */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Worcester State Hospital<br />
| image = Worcester01.png<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Worcester State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = February 7, 1832<br />
| construction_began = <br />
| construction_ended = <br />
| opened =<BR><br />
*January 12, 1833<BR><br />
*October 8, 1877<BR><br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished = 2015<br />
| current_status = [[Demolished Institution|Demolished]] (Kirkbride)<br />
| building_style =*[[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) =<BR><br />
*George Dutton Rand<BR><br />
*Ward P. Delano<BR><br />
| location = Worcester, MA<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br> <br />
*Massachussets State Hospital<br />
*Worcester State Instane Asylum<br />
*State Lunatic Asylum at Worcester<br />
*Bloomingdale Insane Asylum<br />
*Worcester Insane Hospital <br />
}}<br />
<br />
Also once known as the Worcester Lunatic Asylum and the Bloomingdale Asylum, this psychiatric facility's history dates back to before the main building was built. On January 12, 1833, the old Worcester Insane Asylum opened, and was the first of its kind constructed in the state of Massachusetts. When overcrowding became a problem, a new hospital was to be built - a massive structure laid out in the Kirkbride plan, which is the one featured in these photographs.<br />
<br />
Construction began in 1870 and the newly built Worcester State Hospital opened seven years later. Designed by architect Ward P. Delano of the firm Fuller & Delano of Worcester, the flagstone and brick building stood four stories tall, and between the 500 foot wings stood a beautiful clock tower, looming above the central administration building. On an interesting note, Sigmund Freud visited the hospital in 1909 during his only trip to America.<br />
<br />
A massive fire engulfed the Kirkbride building on July 22, 1991, destroying almost all of the roof and floors, save for the right most wing and the administration building. The burned out shells of the other areas were bulldozed and the extra stone was used to seal up the gaping holes left by the connections to the remaining sections. A new hospital building was built behind the remains of the Kirkbride building and is still in operation as of 2008. <br />
<br />
In the spring of 2008 the remaining wing segments of the Kirkbride building were demolished, along with the one of the historic rotundas and employee residences. The demolition is to make room for a new state psychiatric hospital. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Early History==<br />
On the 23d of February, 1829, Horace Mann, of Dedham, in behalf of a committee of the House of Representatives, appointed to consider the subject of the presence of considerable numbers of insane persons in the community who were either cared for in their own homes or in jails and almshouses, reported orders for the appointment of a committee "to examine and ascertain the practicability and expediency of erecting or procuring, at the expense of the commonwealth, an asylum for the safekeeping of lunatics and persons furiously mad," and requiring the selectmen of the several towns to ascertain and make returns to the Secretary of the commonwealth of the " number, age, sex and color of all persons reputed to be lunatics and furiously mad belonging to their respective towns, and whether at large or in confinement, and where and how long confined"—which orders were subsequently adopted by the House, and Messrs. Mann, Loud, of Dorchester, and Denny, of Leicester, were appointed to constitute said committee.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bloomington.png|280px|left]]On the 7th of January, 1830, the Secretary communicated to the House of Representatives the returns which had been received in his office, in pursuance of the order above stated, which returns were referred to Messrs. Mann, of Dedham, Loud, of Dorchester, Strong, of Pittsfield, Oliver, of Boston, and Frothingham, of Newburyport. This committee reported, through Mr. Mann, a recommendation for the erection of a lunatic hospital, suitable for the accommodation of a superintendent, with wings sufficient for the reception of 120 inmates. For the accomplishment of this work the sum of $30,000 was asked. In accordance with this report the Legislature passed a resolve on February 7, 1832, authorizing the Governor to purchase a lot of land within the commonwealth suitable for a lunatic hospital, and to appoint a board of three commissioners for the erection on this site of a hospital for the accommodation of a superintendent and 120 insane persons. This resolve having passed the Legislature, received the approval of the Governor on the 10th of March, 1830. Under the power therein conferred the town of Worcester, "after diligent inquiry, and a faithful comparison of various proposed situations, was selected by the Governor and Council for the location of the hospital, and a plot of 12 acres of land purchased at the cost to that town of $2500." "Horace Mann, Bezaleel Taft, Jr., and William B. Calhoun were appointed commissioners to superintend the erection of the hospital thereon." On the 5th of July, 1832, the Governor and Council appointed Horace Mann, Bezaleel Taft, Jr., William B. Calhoun, Francis C. Gray and Alfred D. Foster as a Board of Trustees for the management of the institution, with power to appoint all other necessary officers. On January 12, 1833, Governor Levi Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester to be legally open for the reception of patients. The first patient was received into the hospital on the 19th day of January, 1833.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, in pursuance of the authority given, the trustees appointed as first superintendent of the new institution Samuel B. Woodward, M. D., of Wethersfield, Conn. Dr. Samuel Bayard Woodward was the son of a physician and a native of Connecticut, born on June 10, 1787, and licensed to practice medicine at the age of 21. His attention was called to this special department of the profession by the occurrence of several cases of insanity in his own practice and in that of his professional brethren whose adviser he was. The difficulty of managing these cases in their private practice led Dr. Woodward and his particular friend, Dr. Eli Todd, to take the first step towards the establishment of the Retreat for the Insane at Hartford, and he took credit to himself in having secured for it its present delightful location. He was appointed superintendent of the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester, Mass., in September, 1832; went to Worcester in December following, and moved into the hospital as soon as rooms could be finished and furnished for the reception of his family. He retired on June 30, 1846, on account of failing health, and moved to Northampton, Mass., where he died quite suddenly on the evening of January 3, 1850.<br />
<br />
That the hospital filled a public need was shown by the rapid influx of patients. In their report of December 31, 1833, the trustees stated that the hospital was then in a very crowded condition and that many applications for admission had been necessarily rejected because of lack of accommodations. Immediate measures were taken to increase the capacity of the institution and on April 7, 1835, the sum of $25,000 was appropriated for the enlargement of the hospital. Later in the session an appropriation of $3000 was made for the erection of a chapel and $7000 for the purchase of additional land for the use of the hospital. This increase in capacity was soon followed by others and at the time of the retirement of Dr. Woodward the patients in the hospital numbered 360—three times the amount of the accommodation furnished at the erection of the original building.<br />
<br />
In their choice of Dr. Samuel B. Woodward as their first superintendent the trustees were singularly fortunate. Under his wise and humane administration the treatment of the insane in this hospital, one of the early state institutions in this country, was placed at once upon a high level.<br />
<br />
Following the resignation of Dr. Woodward, Dr. George Chandler was appointed superintendent of the State Lunatic Hospital on July 1, 1846. Dr. Chandler began practice in Worcester in 1831 and a few years later was appointed assistant physician at the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester. From 1842 to 1845 he was superintendent of the insane hospital at Concord, N. H. With this experience Dr. Chandler came well equipped for his work. His administration of affairs was successful. He was a good manager and in many ways improved the institution's equipment. He lighted the hospital with gas, introduced steam heating and greatly improved the ventilation. He did considerable in the way of educational instruction of the patients. He increased the capacity of the institution to keep pace with the ever-increasing numbers of the insane. As early as 1847 Dr. Chandler called attention in his reports to the increasing numbers of foreign born among the insane, showing the influence of immigration in the filling of our hospitals.<br />
<br />
When the institution was first established its location was considered sufficiently removed from the residence center of the town to be unobjectionable. With the growth of the community the town steadily encroached upon the hospital and there began to be a feeling in the minds of many that another site should be found, to which the institution should be later transferred. Dr. Chandler suggested that it would be wise to consider a relocation at a more remote point.<br />
<br />
Dr. Chandler resigned his superintendency April 1, 1856. After his retirement to private life he spent his time in travel and in biographical work. He died May 17, 1893, at the age of 97 years.<br />
<br />
Succeeding Dr. Chandler, Dr. Merrick Bemis was promoted from the office of assistant physician, which he had acceptably filled, to that of superintendent. Under Dr. Bemis the good traditions of the hospital were preserved. He proved an efficient and capable man. He, like his predecessors, constantly enlarged the institution in response to the public need. He placed great stress on occupation in the treatment of mental disease and lessened restraint and seclusion. He employed the first female physician. The removal of the institution from its original location was again actively agitated, and in 1869 Dr. Bemis, under the direction of the trustees, bonded land in the outskirts of the town, on a site overlooking Lake Quinsigamond. The Legislature approving, the land was purchased the next year. The plan of the new institution, as formulated by Dr. Bemis, was ambitious and ideal. He advocated a central hospital plant for the actively disturbed, giving accommodation to perhaps onethird of the cases. The remaining two-thirds, the quiet and the convalescent, he proposed to care for in groups of 15 to 20, located in separate cottages. This would provide a family care approaching the more natural life in the community.<br />
<br />
After a service of 24 years as assistant physician and afterwards as superintendent, Dr. Bemis resigned from the public service and established a small private hospital in Worcester. He also conducted a private practice in the community. He lived to a ripe old age, dying October 3, 1904.<br />
<br />
The trustees elected as superintendent to succeed Dr. Bemis, Dr. Bernard D. Eastman, first assistant physician at the National Hospital, Washington, and formerly assistant physician at Concord, N. H. Upon Dr. Eastman, with the assistance of the architect, Mr. Rand, devolved the task of the preparation of plans for the erection of the proposed new hospital in the suburbs. These plans struck " a happy medium between the older fashioned system of aggregation and the theoretical system of segregation."<br />
<br />
[[image:Worcester2.jpg|280px|left]]In 1873, the plans for the new hospital buildings having been approved by the Governor and Council, the Legislature authorized the erection of the new institution, limiting the number of inmates for whom accommodation was to be provided to 400. As the number then in the parent institution was nearly 500, the pressure for a still further increase was very great. In view of this fact the plans were modified to provide accommodation for 500 and the work of construction entered upon. Building operations were actively prosecuted. The new hospital buildings received their first patients on October 8, 1877, but it was not until the 23d of the same month that the transfer was completed, 430 persons being removed. The old buildings were devoted to the purposes of the newly created Asylum for the Chronic Insane.<br />
<br />
On February 6, 1879, Dr. Eastman resigned from the superintendency of the hospital. He later went to Kansas and was long identified with the insane hospital at Topeka.<br />
<br />
Dr. John G. Park, formerly assistant physician at the hospital and later superintendent of the Asylum for the Chronic Insane, assumed the superintendency of the hospital on March 1, 1879. His administration perfected the organization of the service in the new hospital buildings and did much in the improvement of the grounds. He took a deep interest in the physical activities of his patients and recognized occupation as one of the best and most important of remedial measures. He introduced various industrial activities, as spinning, knitting, the use of the hand weaving loom and other forms of employment. He early advocated the establishment of a separate institution for the male criminal insane. The continued increase in numbers of patients necessitated the still further enlargement of the institution. Dr. Park erected the two circular observation wards, which have proven so well adapted for their purpose. During his administration the Hillside Farm, of 130 acres, in the town of Shrewsbury, was purchased to provide pasturage for the increasing herds.<br />
<br />
In September, 1890, Dr. Park resigned his position as superintendent. After his retirement from this institution he served as chairman of the commission which erected the buildings of the Medfield State Asylum. Later, with the occupancy of the buildings, he was appointed to the Board of Trustees of that asylum, which office he held at the time of his death on August 9, 1905.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hosea M. Quinby assumed the superintendency of the hospital on November 25, 1890. Dr. Quinby was previously assistant physician at the hospital and superintendent of the Worcester Asylum from 1879 to 1890. During his administration a farm building was erected for the accommodation of working patients, two nurses' homes built, infirmary buildings and a bath house completed, the domestic departments added to and the capacity of the institution generally increased, the number of patients rising from 785 to 1401.<br />
<br />
One of the chief contributions of Dr. Quinby to the improvement of the care of the insane and the study of insanity was the employment of a special pathologist and clinician, who reorganized the record-taking and the general methods of examination and study of insanity. A training school for assistant physicians was organized, which was highly successful and attracted many capable men to the service of the institution. A laboratory building was erected to provide special facilities for scientific research in connection with the care and treatment of the insane. Dr. Quinby was also greatly interested in the development and beautifying of the grounds and conducted this work with much ability. April 1, 1912, he retired from the service to the enjoyment of private life.<br />
<br />
April 1, 1912, Dr. Ernest V. Scribner, formerly assistant physician at the hospital, and more lately for some years superintendent of the Worcester State Asylum, succeeded Dr. Quinby as superintendent of the hospital and is now in office.<br />
<br />
During the life of the institution 113 different persons figured as assistant physicians in its service. Some of these men have achieved renown in their chosen specialty. To enter in any way into their individual histories would exceed the proper limits of this brief account. Suffice it to say that nearly a score have risen to the management of institutions.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=bnraAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:UOM39015005122398&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==20th Century History==<br />
New buildings continued to be constructed at the hospital through out the early parts of the 20th century. The large Kirkbride building reminded in use until a massive fire engulfed the building on July 22, 1991. The fire destroyed almost the entire building with exception of the right most wing and the administration building. The burned sections were bulldozed and the extra stone was used to seal up the gaping holes left by the connections to the still remaining sections. After the fire patients were moved to other buildings on the campus and the hospital continued to operate. In 2004 a proposal to build a new hospital was put into the works.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_State_Hospital</ref> In 2008, there were plans to film the movie ''Shutter Island'' on the grounds of the hospital, but because of the pending demolition and construction of the new hospital, filming was not approved and instead took place at [[Medfield State Hospital]]. In 2008 the remaining remaining wing of the Kirkbride was demolished to make room for the new hospital. No official plans have been confirmed to preserve the remaining administration section.<br />
<br />
<br />
==New Hospital==<br />
[[image:WSH NewHosp Thumb.jpg|280px|right]]<br />
In May 2009, Worcester saw the funds approved for the construction of a new Worcester State Hospital. Since May, a multitude of progress has been made on this $302 million project, and is estimated to be completed in March 2012. A new 320-bed psychiatric hospital serving individuals from all parts of the Commonwealth is now in construction. The innovative design will provide an environment of care that maximizes the effectiveness of clinical and rehabilitation staff, allowing the facility to operate at an optimum ratio of staff to patients. The building’s plan will reflect the stages of recovery: by using familiar environments, ranging from “house” to “neighborhood” to “downtown.” A secure facility, outdoor courts relate to each living unit, and the “downtown” surrounds a central “village green” shared by all. The low-rise scale will serve to emphasize the residential character, and minimize the stigma attached to psychiatric facilities. This new facility will enable DMH to close two antiquated facilities, parts of which date to the 19th century, thereby dramatically reducing future operating and capital expenses. With the significant advances in the field of psychiatric care, which are reducing the number of people who need long term care, this building may become the central psychiatric care facility for the entire state.<ref>http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=afterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Property+Management+%26+Construction&L2=Design+%26+Construction+of+Public+Buildings&L3=Current+%26+Completed+Projects&L4=Human+Services+Projects&sid=Eoaf&b=terminalcontent&f=dcam_project_highlights_hs_dmh_hosp&csid=Eoaf</ref><ref>https://www.worcesterchamber.org/latest-progress-on-dmh-psychiatric-facility-worcester</ref><BR><br />
<BR><br />
*Designer: Ellenzweig Associates, Inc.<BR><br />
*Contractor: Gilbane Building Company<BR><br />
*Project Cost:$302 Million<BR><br />
*Gross Square Feet:428,000<BR><br />
*Est. Substantial Completion Date: March 2012<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''The Architecture of Madness : Insane Asylums in the United States'', by Carla Yanni. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 2007. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226379258 Search WorldCat for library copy] [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Architecture_of_Madness/fJOC_rSW1kgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover Preview version in Google Books]<br />
*''The enduring asylum : Cycles of institutional reform at Worcester State Hospital'', by Joseph P Morrissey. New York : Grune & Stratton, 1980. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/604810515 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
*''A refuge of cure or care : the sensory dimensions of confinement at the Worcester State Hospital for the Insane'', by Madeline Kearin Ryan. Lanham : Lexington Books, 2021. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1251441334 Search WorldCat for library copy][https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Refuge_of_Cure_Or_Care/rJktEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover Preview version in Google Books]<br />
*''The State and the mentally ill : A history of Worcester State Hospital in Massachusetts, 1830-1920'', by Gerald N Grob. Chapel Hill : Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1966. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/599204226 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
== Images of Worcester State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Worcester State Hospital Image Gallery|Worcester State Hospital]]}}<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Worcester.jpg<br />
File:Wsh fire 01.jpg<br />
File:Q 01.jpg<br />
File:Worcester State Hospital 2.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
==Videos==<br />
Video rendering of the proposed new hospital building.<br />
<br />
<videoflash>IrDTUxPP-XU</videoflash><br />
<br />
<br />
==News Reports & Articles==<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/WSH%20escape.jpg Newport Daily News, The: Tuesday, September 23, 1952]<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/WSH%20murder.jpg Mansfield News Journal: Monday, October 12, 1936]<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/WSH%20Scalds.jpg Lime Springs Herald: Thursday, October 04, 1934]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Save-Worcester-State-Hospital-Clock-Tower/171086076276042 Save Worcester State Hospital (Facebook)]<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/worcester/ Worcester State Hospital @ Kirkbride Buildings]<br />
*[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asylums/worcester_ma/ Worcester State Hospital @ Historic Asylums]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_State_Hospital Worcester State Hospital @ Wikipedia]<br />
*[http://arch.thomas-industriesinc.com/Kirkbride_Gallery_HopsitalQ.htm Worcester State Hospital Aerials]<br />
*[http://www.opacity.us/site56_worcester_state_hospital.htm Worcester State Hospital Photos by Opacity]<br />
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/imo/sets/72157605024173560/ Photos of the 2008 Demolition]<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/> <br />
<br />
[[Category:Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Demolished Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Worcester_State_Hospital&diff=42499Worcester State Hospital2021-12-30T20:12:03Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Books */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Worcester State Hospital<br />
| image = Worcester01.png<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Worcester State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = February 7, 1832<br />
| construction_began = <br />
| construction_ended = <br />
| opened =<BR><br />
*January 12, 1833<BR><br />
*October 8, 1877<BR><br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished = 2015<br />
| current_status = [[Demolished Institution|Demolished]] (Kirkbride)<br />
| building_style =*[[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) =<BR><br />
*George Dutton Rand<BR><br />
*Ward P. Delano<BR><br />
| location = Worcester, MA<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br> <br />
*Massachussets State Hospital<br />
*Worcester State Instane Asylum<br />
*State Lunatic Asylum at Worcester<br />
*Bloomingdale Insane Asylum<br />
*Worcester Insane Hospital <br />
}}<br />
<br />
Also once known as the Worcester Lunatic Asylum and the Bloomingdale Asylum, this psychiatric facility's history dates back to before the main building was built. On January 12, 1833, the old Worcester Insane Asylum opened, and was the first of its kind constructed in the state of Massachusetts. When overcrowding became a problem, a new hospital was to be built - a massive structure laid out in the Kirkbride plan, which is the one featured in these photographs.<br />
<br />
Construction began in 1870 and the newly built Worcester State Hospital opened seven years later. Designed by architect Ward P. Delano of the firm Fuller & Delano of Worcester, the flagstone and brick building stood four stories tall, and between the 500 foot wings stood a beautiful clock tower, looming above the central administration building. On an interesting note, Sigmund Freud visited the hospital in 1909 during his only trip to America.<br />
<br />
A massive fire engulfed the Kirkbride building on July 22, 1991, destroying almost all of the roof and floors, save for the right most wing and the administration building. The burned out shells of the other areas were bulldozed and the extra stone was used to seal up the gaping holes left by the connections to the remaining sections. A new hospital building was built behind the remains of the Kirkbride building and is still in operation as of 2008. <br />
<br />
In the spring of 2008 the remaining wing segments of the Kirkbride building were demolished, along with the one of the historic rotundas and employee residences. The demolition is to make room for a new state psychiatric hospital. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Early History==<br />
On the 23d of February, 1829, Horace Mann, of Dedham, in behalf of a committee of the House of Representatives, appointed to consider the subject of the presence of considerable numbers of insane persons in the community who were either cared for in their own homes or in jails and almshouses, reported orders for the appointment of a committee "to examine and ascertain the practicability and expediency of erecting or procuring, at the expense of the commonwealth, an asylum for the safekeeping of lunatics and persons furiously mad," and requiring the selectmen of the several towns to ascertain and make returns to the Secretary of the commonwealth of the " number, age, sex and color of all persons reputed to be lunatics and furiously mad belonging to their respective towns, and whether at large or in confinement, and where and how long confined"—which orders were subsequently adopted by the House, and Messrs. Mann, Loud, of Dorchester, and Denny, of Leicester, were appointed to constitute said committee.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bloomington.png|280px|left]]On the 7th of January, 1830, the Secretary communicated to the House of Representatives the returns which had been received in his office, in pursuance of the order above stated, which returns were referred to Messrs. Mann, of Dedham, Loud, of Dorchester, Strong, of Pittsfield, Oliver, of Boston, and Frothingham, of Newburyport. This committee reported, through Mr. Mann, a recommendation for the erection of a lunatic hospital, suitable for the accommodation of a superintendent, with wings sufficient for the reception of 120 inmates. For the accomplishment of this work the sum of $30,000 was asked. In accordance with this report the Legislature passed a resolve on February 7, 1832, authorizing the Governor to purchase a lot of land within the commonwealth suitable for a lunatic hospital, and to appoint a board of three commissioners for the erection on this site of a hospital for the accommodation of a superintendent and 120 insane persons. This resolve having passed the Legislature, received the approval of the Governor on the 10th of March, 1830. Under the power therein conferred the town of Worcester, "after diligent inquiry, and a faithful comparison of various proposed situations, was selected by the Governor and Council for the location of the hospital, and a plot of 12 acres of land purchased at the cost to that town of $2500." "Horace Mann, Bezaleel Taft, Jr., and William B. Calhoun were appointed commissioners to superintend the erection of the hospital thereon." On the 5th of July, 1832, the Governor and Council appointed Horace Mann, Bezaleel Taft, Jr., William B. Calhoun, Francis C. Gray and Alfred D. Foster as a Board of Trustees for the management of the institution, with power to appoint all other necessary officers. On January 12, 1833, Governor Levi Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester to be legally open for the reception of patients. The first patient was received into the hospital on the 19th day of January, 1833.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, in pursuance of the authority given, the trustees appointed as first superintendent of the new institution Samuel B. Woodward, M. D., of Wethersfield, Conn. Dr. Samuel Bayard Woodward was the son of a physician and a native of Connecticut, born on June 10, 1787, and licensed to practice medicine at the age of 21. His attention was called to this special department of the profession by the occurrence of several cases of insanity in his own practice and in that of his professional brethren whose adviser he was. The difficulty of managing these cases in their private practice led Dr. Woodward and his particular friend, Dr. Eli Todd, to take the first step towards the establishment of the Retreat for the Insane at Hartford, and he took credit to himself in having secured for it its present delightful location. He was appointed superintendent of the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester, Mass., in September, 1832; went to Worcester in December following, and moved into the hospital as soon as rooms could be finished and furnished for the reception of his family. He retired on June 30, 1846, on account of failing health, and moved to Northampton, Mass., where he died quite suddenly on the evening of January 3, 1850.<br />
<br />
That the hospital filled a public need was shown by the rapid influx of patients. In their report of December 31, 1833, the trustees stated that the hospital was then in a very crowded condition and that many applications for admission had been necessarily rejected because of lack of accommodations. Immediate measures were taken to increase the capacity of the institution and on April 7, 1835, the sum of $25,000 was appropriated for the enlargement of the hospital. Later in the session an appropriation of $3000 was made for the erection of a chapel and $7000 for the purchase of additional land for the use of the hospital. This increase in capacity was soon followed by others and at the time of the retirement of Dr. Woodward the patients in the hospital numbered 360—three times the amount of the accommodation furnished at the erection of the original building.<br />
<br />
In their choice of Dr. Samuel B. Woodward as their first superintendent the trustees were singularly fortunate. Under his wise and humane administration the treatment of the insane in this hospital, one of the early state institutions in this country, was placed at once upon a high level.<br />
<br />
Following the resignation of Dr. Woodward, Dr. George Chandler was appointed superintendent of the State Lunatic Hospital on July 1, 1846. Dr. Chandler began practice in Worcester in 1831 and a few years later was appointed assistant physician at the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester. From 1842 to 1845 he was superintendent of the insane hospital at Concord, N. H. With this experience Dr. Chandler came well equipped for his work. His administration of affairs was successful. He was a good manager and in many ways improved the institution's equipment. He lighted the hospital with gas, introduced steam heating and greatly improved the ventilation. He did considerable in the way of educational instruction of the patients. He increased the capacity of the institution to keep pace with the ever-increasing numbers of the insane. As early as 1847 Dr. Chandler called attention in his reports to the increasing numbers of foreign born among the insane, showing the influence of immigration in the filling of our hospitals.<br />
<br />
When the institution was first established its location was considered sufficiently removed from the residence center of the town to be unobjectionable. With the growth of the community the town steadily encroached upon the hospital and there began to be a feeling in the minds of many that another site should be found, to which the institution should be later transferred. Dr. Chandler suggested that it would be wise to consider a relocation at a more remote point.<br />
<br />
Dr. Chandler resigned his superintendency April 1, 1856. After his retirement to private life he spent his time in travel and in biographical work. He died May 17, 1893, at the age of 97 years.<br />
<br />
Succeeding Dr. Chandler, Dr. Merrick Bemis was promoted from the office of assistant physician, which he had acceptably filled, to that of superintendent. Under Dr. Bemis the good traditions of the hospital were preserved. He proved an efficient and capable man. He, like his predecessors, constantly enlarged the institution in response to the public need. He placed great stress on occupation in the treatment of mental disease and lessened restraint and seclusion. He employed the first female physician. The removal of the institution from its original location was again actively agitated, and in 1869 Dr. Bemis, under the direction of the trustees, bonded land in the outskirts of the town, on a site overlooking Lake Quinsigamond. The Legislature approving, the land was purchased the next year. The plan of the new institution, as formulated by Dr. Bemis, was ambitious and ideal. He advocated a central hospital plant for the actively disturbed, giving accommodation to perhaps onethird of the cases. The remaining two-thirds, the quiet and the convalescent, he proposed to care for in groups of 15 to 20, located in separate cottages. This would provide a family care approaching the more natural life in the community.<br />
<br />
After a service of 24 years as assistant physician and afterwards as superintendent, Dr. Bemis resigned from the public service and established a small private hospital in Worcester. He also conducted a private practice in the community. He lived to a ripe old age, dying October 3, 1904.<br />
<br />
The trustees elected as superintendent to succeed Dr. Bemis, Dr. Bernard D. Eastman, first assistant physician at the National Hospital, Washington, and formerly assistant physician at Concord, N. H. Upon Dr. Eastman, with the assistance of the architect, Mr. Rand, devolved the task of the preparation of plans for the erection of the proposed new hospital in the suburbs. These plans struck " a happy medium between the older fashioned system of aggregation and the theoretical system of segregation."<br />
<br />
[[image:Worcester2.jpg|280px|left]]In 1873, the plans for the new hospital buildings having been approved by the Governor and Council, the Legislature authorized the erection of the new institution, limiting the number of inmates for whom accommodation was to be provided to 400. As the number then in the parent institution was nearly 500, the pressure for a still further increase was very great. In view of this fact the plans were modified to provide accommodation for 500 and the work of construction entered upon. Building operations were actively prosecuted. The new hospital buildings received their first patients on October 8, 1877, but it was not until the 23d of the same month that the transfer was completed, 430 persons being removed. The old buildings were devoted to the purposes of the newly created Asylum for the Chronic Insane.<br />
<br />
On February 6, 1879, Dr. Eastman resigned from the superintendency of the hospital. He later went to Kansas and was long identified with the insane hospital at Topeka.<br />
<br />
Dr. John G. Park, formerly assistant physician at the hospital and later superintendent of the Asylum for the Chronic Insane, assumed the superintendency of the hospital on March 1, 1879. His administration perfected the organization of the service in the new hospital buildings and did much in the improvement of the grounds. He took a deep interest in the physical activities of his patients and recognized occupation as one of the best and most important of remedial measures. He introduced various industrial activities, as spinning, knitting, the use of the hand weaving loom and other forms of employment. He early advocated the establishment of a separate institution for the male criminal insane. The continued increase in numbers of patients necessitated the still further enlargement of the institution. Dr. Park erected the two circular observation wards, which have proven so well adapted for their purpose. During his administration the Hillside Farm, of 130 acres, in the town of Shrewsbury, was purchased to provide pasturage for the increasing herds.<br />
<br />
In September, 1890, Dr. Park resigned his position as superintendent. After his retirement from this institution he served as chairman of the commission which erected the buildings of the Medfield State Asylum. Later, with the occupancy of the buildings, he was appointed to the Board of Trustees of that asylum, which office he held at the time of his death on August 9, 1905.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hosea M. Quinby assumed the superintendency of the hospital on November 25, 1890. Dr. Quinby was previously assistant physician at the hospital and superintendent of the Worcester Asylum from 1879 to 1890. During his administration a farm building was erected for the accommodation of working patients, two nurses' homes built, infirmary buildings and a bath house completed, the domestic departments added to and the capacity of the institution generally increased, the number of patients rising from 785 to 1401.<br />
<br />
One of the chief contributions of Dr. Quinby to the improvement of the care of the insane and the study of insanity was the employment of a special pathologist and clinician, who reorganized the record-taking and the general methods of examination and study of insanity. A training school for assistant physicians was organized, which was highly successful and attracted many capable men to the service of the institution. A laboratory building was erected to provide special facilities for scientific research in connection with the care and treatment of the insane. Dr. Quinby was also greatly interested in the development and beautifying of the grounds and conducted this work with much ability. April 1, 1912, he retired from the service to the enjoyment of private life.<br />
<br />
April 1, 1912, Dr. Ernest V. Scribner, formerly assistant physician at the hospital, and more lately for some years superintendent of the Worcester State Asylum, succeeded Dr. Quinby as superintendent of the hospital and is now in office.<br />
<br />
During the life of the institution 113 different persons figured as assistant physicians in its service. Some of these men have achieved renown in their chosen specialty. To enter in any way into their individual histories would exceed the proper limits of this brief account. Suffice it to say that nearly a score have risen to the management of institutions.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=bnraAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:UOM39015005122398&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==20th Century History==<br />
New buildings continued to be constructed at the hospital through out the early parts of the 20th century. The large Kirkbride building reminded in use until a massive fire engulfed the building on July 22, 1991. The fire destroyed almost the entire building with exception of the right most wing and the administration building. The burned sections were bulldozed and the extra stone was used to seal up the gaping holes left by the connections to the still remaining sections. After the fire patients were moved to other buildings on the campus and the hospital continued to operate. In 2004 a proposal to build a new hospital was put into the works.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_State_Hospital</ref> In 2008, there were plans to film the movie ''Shutter Island'' on the grounds of the hospital, but because of the pending demolition and construction of the new hospital, filming was not approved and instead took place at [[Medfield State Hospital]]. In 2008 the remaining remaining wing of the Kirkbride was demolished to make room for the new hospital. No official plans have been confirmed to preserve the remaining administration section.<br />
<br />
<br />
==New Hospital==<br />
[[image:WSH NewHosp Thumb.jpg|280px|right]]<br />
In May 2009, Worcester saw the funds approved for the construction of a new Worcester State Hospital. Since May, a multitude of progress has been made on this $302 million project, and is estimated to be completed in March 2012. A new 320-bed psychiatric hospital serving individuals from all parts of the Commonwealth is now in construction. The innovative design will provide an environment of care that maximizes the effectiveness of clinical and rehabilitation staff, allowing the facility to operate at an optimum ratio of staff to patients. The building’s plan will reflect the stages of recovery: by using familiar environments, ranging from “house” to “neighborhood” to “downtown.” A secure facility, outdoor courts relate to each living unit, and the “downtown” surrounds a central “village green” shared by all. The low-rise scale will serve to emphasize the residential character, and minimize the stigma attached to psychiatric facilities. This new facility will enable DMH to close two antiquated facilities, parts of which date to the 19th century, thereby dramatically reducing future operating and capital expenses. With the significant advances in the field of psychiatric care, which are reducing the number of people who need long term care, this building may become the central psychiatric care facility for the entire state.<ref>http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=afterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Property+Management+%26+Construction&L2=Design+%26+Construction+of+Public+Buildings&L3=Current+%26+Completed+Projects&L4=Human+Services+Projects&sid=Eoaf&b=terminalcontent&f=dcam_project_highlights_hs_dmh_hosp&csid=Eoaf</ref><ref>https://www.worcesterchamber.org/latest-progress-on-dmh-psychiatric-facility-worcester</ref><BR><br />
<BR><br />
*Designer: Ellenzweig Associates, Inc.<BR><br />
*Contractor: Gilbane Building Company<BR><br />
*Project Cost:$302 Million<BR><br />
*Gross Square Feet:428,000<BR><br />
*Est. Substantial Completion Date: March 2012<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''The Architecture of Madness : Insane Asylums in the United States'', by Carla Yanni. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 2007. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226379258 Search WorldCat for library copy] <br />
*''The enduring asylum : Cycles of institutional reform at Worcester State Hospital'', by Joseph P Morrissey. New York : Grune & Stratton, 1980. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/604810515 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
*''A refuge of cure or care : the sensory dimensions of confinement at the Worcester State Hospital for the Insane'', by Madeline Kearin Ryan. Lanham : Lexington Books, 2021. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1251441334 Search WorldCat for library copy][https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Refuge_of_Cure_Or_Care/rJktEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover Preview version in Google Books]<br />
*''The State and the mentally ill : A history of Worcester State Hospital in Massachusetts, 1830-1920'', by Gerald N Grob. Chapel Hill : Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1966. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/599204226 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
== Images of Worcester State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Worcester State Hospital Image Gallery|Worcester State Hospital]]}}<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Worcester.jpg<br />
File:Wsh fire 01.jpg<br />
File:Q 01.jpg<br />
File:Worcester State Hospital 2.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
==Videos==<br />
Video rendering of the proposed new hospital building.<br />
<br />
<videoflash>IrDTUxPP-XU</videoflash><br />
<br />
<br />
==News Reports & Articles==<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/WSH%20escape.jpg Newport Daily News, The: Tuesday, September 23, 1952]<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/WSH%20murder.jpg Mansfield News Journal: Monday, October 12, 1936]<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/WSH%20Scalds.jpg Lime Springs Herald: Thursday, October 04, 1934]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Save-Worcester-State-Hospital-Clock-Tower/171086076276042 Save Worcester State Hospital (Facebook)]<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/worcester/ Worcester State Hospital @ Kirkbride Buildings]<br />
*[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asylums/worcester_ma/ Worcester State Hospital @ Historic Asylums]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_State_Hospital Worcester State Hospital @ Wikipedia]<br />
*[http://arch.thomas-industriesinc.com/Kirkbride_Gallery_HopsitalQ.htm Worcester State Hospital Aerials]<br />
*[http://www.opacity.us/site56_worcester_state_hospital.htm Worcester State Hospital Photos by Opacity]<br />
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/imo/sets/72157605024173560/ Photos of the 2008 Demolition]<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/> <br />
<br />
[[Category:Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Demolished Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Worcester_State_Hospital&diff=42498Worcester State Hospital2021-12-30T20:09:28Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Books */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Worcester State Hospital<br />
| image = Worcester01.png<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Worcester State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = February 7, 1832<br />
| construction_began = <br />
| construction_ended = <br />
| opened =<BR><br />
*January 12, 1833<BR><br />
*October 8, 1877<BR><br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished = 2015<br />
| current_status = [[Demolished Institution|Demolished]] (Kirkbride)<br />
| building_style =*[[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) =<BR><br />
*George Dutton Rand<BR><br />
*Ward P. Delano<BR><br />
| location = Worcester, MA<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br> <br />
*Massachussets State Hospital<br />
*Worcester State Instane Asylum<br />
*State Lunatic Asylum at Worcester<br />
*Bloomingdale Insane Asylum<br />
*Worcester Insane Hospital <br />
}}<br />
<br />
Also once known as the Worcester Lunatic Asylum and the Bloomingdale Asylum, this psychiatric facility's history dates back to before the main building was built. On January 12, 1833, the old Worcester Insane Asylum opened, and was the first of its kind constructed in the state of Massachusetts. When overcrowding became a problem, a new hospital was to be built - a massive structure laid out in the Kirkbride plan, which is the one featured in these photographs.<br />
<br />
Construction began in 1870 and the newly built Worcester State Hospital opened seven years later. Designed by architect Ward P. Delano of the firm Fuller & Delano of Worcester, the flagstone and brick building stood four stories tall, and between the 500 foot wings stood a beautiful clock tower, looming above the central administration building. On an interesting note, Sigmund Freud visited the hospital in 1909 during his only trip to America.<br />
<br />
A massive fire engulfed the Kirkbride building on July 22, 1991, destroying almost all of the roof and floors, save for the right most wing and the administration building. The burned out shells of the other areas were bulldozed and the extra stone was used to seal up the gaping holes left by the connections to the remaining sections. A new hospital building was built behind the remains of the Kirkbride building and is still in operation as of 2008. <br />
<br />
In the spring of 2008 the remaining wing segments of the Kirkbride building were demolished, along with the one of the historic rotundas and employee residences. The demolition is to make room for a new state psychiatric hospital. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Early History==<br />
On the 23d of February, 1829, Horace Mann, of Dedham, in behalf of a committee of the House of Representatives, appointed to consider the subject of the presence of considerable numbers of insane persons in the community who were either cared for in their own homes or in jails and almshouses, reported orders for the appointment of a committee "to examine and ascertain the practicability and expediency of erecting or procuring, at the expense of the commonwealth, an asylum for the safekeeping of lunatics and persons furiously mad," and requiring the selectmen of the several towns to ascertain and make returns to the Secretary of the commonwealth of the " number, age, sex and color of all persons reputed to be lunatics and furiously mad belonging to their respective towns, and whether at large or in confinement, and where and how long confined"—which orders were subsequently adopted by the House, and Messrs. Mann, Loud, of Dorchester, and Denny, of Leicester, were appointed to constitute said committee.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bloomington.png|280px|left]]On the 7th of January, 1830, the Secretary communicated to the House of Representatives the returns which had been received in his office, in pursuance of the order above stated, which returns were referred to Messrs. Mann, of Dedham, Loud, of Dorchester, Strong, of Pittsfield, Oliver, of Boston, and Frothingham, of Newburyport. This committee reported, through Mr. Mann, a recommendation for the erection of a lunatic hospital, suitable for the accommodation of a superintendent, with wings sufficient for the reception of 120 inmates. For the accomplishment of this work the sum of $30,000 was asked. In accordance with this report the Legislature passed a resolve on February 7, 1832, authorizing the Governor to purchase a lot of land within the commonwealth suitable for a lunatic hospital, and to appoint a board of three commissioners for the erection on this site of a hospital for the accommodation of a superintendent and 120 insane persons. This resolve having passed the Legislature, received the approval of the Governor on the 10th of March, 1830. Under the power therein conferred the town of Worcester, "after diligent inquiry, and a faithful comparison of various proposed situations, was selected by the Governor and Council for the location of the hospital, and a plot of 12 acres of land purchased at the cost to that town of $2500." "Horace Mann, Bezaleel Taft, Jr., and William B. Calhoun were appointed commissioners to superintend the erection of the hospital thereon." On the 5th of July, 1832, the Governor and Council appointed Horace Mann, Bezaleel Taft, Jr., William B. Calhoun, Francis C. Gray and Alfred D. Foster as a Board of Trustees for the management of the institution, with power to appoint all other necessary officers. On January 12, 1833, Governor Levi Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester to be legally open for the reception of patients. The first patient was received into the hospital on the 19th day of January, 1833.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, in pursuance of the authority given, the trustees appointed as first superintendent of the new institution Samuel B. Woodward, M. D., of Wethersfield, Conn. Dr. Samuel Bayard Woodward was the son of a physician and a native of Connecticut, born on June 10, 1787, and licensed to practice medicine at the age of 21. His attention was called to this special department of the profession by the occurrence of several cases of insanity in his own practice and in that of his professional brethren whose adviser he was. The difficulty of managing these cases in their private practice led Dr. Woodward and his particular friend, Dr. Eli Todd, to take the first step towards the establishment of the Retreat for the Insane at Hartford, and he took credit to himself in having secured for it its present delightful location. He was appointed superintendent of the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester, Mass., in September, 1832; went to Worcester in December following, and moved into the hospital as soon as rooms could be finished and furnished for the reception of his family. He retired on June 30, 1846, on account of failing health, and moved to Northampton, Mass., where he died quite suddenly on the evening of January 3, 1850.<br />
<br />
That the hospital filled a public need was shown by the rapid influx of patients. In their report of December 31, 1833, the trustees stated that the hospital was then in a very crowded condition and that many applications for admission had been necessarily rejected because of lack of accommodations. Immediate measures were taken to increase the capacity of the institution and on April 7, 1835, the sum of $25,000 was appropriated for the enlargement of the hospital. Later in the session an appropriation of $3000 was made for the erection of a chapel and $7000 for the purchase of additional land for the use of the hospital. This increase in capacity was soon followed by others and at the time of the retirement of Dr. Woodward the patients in the hospital numbered 360—three times the amount of the accommodation furnished at the erection of the original building.<br />
<br />
In their choice of Dr. Samuel B. Woodward as their first superintendent the trustees were singularly fortunate. Under his wise and humane administration the treatment of the insane in this hospital, one of the early state institutions in this country, was placed at once upon a high level.<br />
<br />
Following the resignation of Dr. Woodward, Dr. George Chandler was appointed superintendent of the State Lunatic Hospital on July 1, 1846. Dr. Chandler began practice in Worcester in 1831 and a few years later was appointed assistant physician at the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester. From 1842 to 1845 he was superintendent of the insane hospital at Concord, N. H. With this experience Dr. Chandler came well equipped for his work. His administration of affairs was successful. He was a good manager and in many ways improved the institution's equipment. He lighted the hospital with gas, introduced steam heating and greatly improved the ventilation. He did considerable in the way of educational instruction of the patients. He increased the capacity of the institution to keep pace with the ever-increasing numbers of the insane. As early as 1847 Dr. Chandler called attention in his reports to the increasing numbers of foreign born among the insane, showing the influence of immigration in the filling of our hospitals.<br />
<br />
When the institution was first established its location was considered sufficiently removed from the residence center of the town to be unobjectionable. With the growth of the community the town steadily encroached upon the hospital and there began to be a feeling in the minds of many that another site should be found, to which the institution should be later transferred. Dr. Chandler suggested that it would be wise to consider a relocation at a more remote point.<br />
<br />
Dr. Chandler resigned his superintendency April 1, 1856. After his retirement to private life he spent his time in travel and in biographical work. He died May 17, 1893, at the age of 97 years.<br />
<br />
Succeeding Dr. Chandler, Dr. Merrick Bemis was promoted from the office of assistant physician, which he had acceptably filled, to that of superintendent. Under Dr. Bemis the good traditions of the hospital were preserved. He proved an efficient and capable man. He, like his predecessors, constantly enlarged the institution in response to the public need. He placed great stress on occupation in the treatment of mental disease and lessened restraint and seclusion. He employed the first female physician. The removal of the institution from its original location was again actively agitated, and in 1869 Dr. Bemis, under the direction of the trustees, bonded land in the outskirts of the town, on a site overlooking Lake Quinsigamond. The Legislature approving, the land was purchased the next year. The plan of the new institution, as formulated by Dr. Bemis, was ambitious and ideal. He advocated a central hospital plant for the actively disturbed, giving accommodation to perhaps onethird of the cases. The remaining two-thirds, the quiet and the convalescent, he proposed to care for in groups of 15 to 20, located in separate cottages. This would provide a family care approaching the more natural life in the community.<br />
<br />
After a service of 24 years as assistant physician and afterwards as superintendent, Dr. Bemis resigned from the public service and established a small private hospital in Worcester. He also conducted a private practice in the community. He lived to a ripe old age, dying October 3, 1904.<br />
<br />
The trustees elected as superintendent to succeed Dr. Bemis, Dr. Bernard D. Eastman, first assistant physician at the National Hospital, Washington, and formerly assistant physician at Concord, N. H. Upon Dr. Eastman, with the assistance of the architect, Mr. Rand, devolved the task of the preparation of plans for the erection of the proposed new hospital in the suburbs. These plans struck " a happy medium between the older fashioned system of aggregation and the theoretical system of segregation."<br />
<br />
[[image:Worcester2.jpg|280px|left]]In 1873, the plans for the new hospital buildings having been approved by the Governor and Council, the Legislature authorized the erection of the new institution, limiting the number of inmates for whom accommodation was to be provided to 400. As the number then in the parent institution was nearly 500, the pressure for a still further increase was very great. In view of this fact the plans were modified to provide accommodation for 500 and the work of construction entered upon. Building operations were actively prosecuted. The new hospital buildings received their first patients on October 8, 1877, but it was not until the 23d of the same month that the transfer was completed, 430 persons being removed. The old buildings were devoted to the purposes of the newly created Asylum for the Chronic Insane.<br />
<br />
On February 6, 1879, Dr. Eastman resigned from the superintendency of the hospital. He later went to Kansas and was long identified with the insane hospital at Topeka.<br />
<br />
Dr. John G. Park, formerly assistant physician at the hospital and later superintendent of the Asylum for the Chronic Insane, assumed the superintendency of the hospital on March 1, 1879. His administration perfected the organization of the service in the new hospital buildings and did much in the improvement of the grounds. He took a deep interest in the physical activities of his patients and recognized occupation as one of the best and most important of remedial measures. He introduced various industrial activities, as spinning, knitting, the use of the hand weaving loom and other forms of employment. He early advocated the establishment of a separate institution for the male criminal insane. The continued increase in numbers of patients necessitated the still further enlargement of the institution. Dr. Park erected the two circular observation wards, which have proven so well adapted for their purpose. During his administration the Hillside Farm, of 130 acres, in the town of Shrewsbury, was purchased to provide pasturage for the increasing herds.<br />
<br />
In September, 1890, Dr. Park resigned his position as superintendent. After his retirement from this institution he served as chairman of the commission which erected the buildings of the Medfield State Asylum. Later, with the occupancy of the buildings, he was appointed to the Board of Trustees of that asylum, which office he held at the time of his death on August 9, 1905.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hosea M. Quinby assumed the superintendency of the hospital on November 25, 1890. Dr. Quinby was previously assistant physician at the hospital and superintendent of the Worcester Asylum from 1879 to 1890. During his administration a farm building was erected for the accommodation of working patients, two nurses' homes built, infirmary buildings and a bath house completed, the domestic departments added to and the capacity of the institution generally increased, the number of patients rising from 785 to 1401.<br />
<br />
One of the chief contributions of Dr. Quinby to the improvement of the care of the insane and the study of insanity was the employment of a special pathologist and clinician, who reorganized the record-taking and the general methods of examination and study of insanity. A training school for assistant physicians was organized, which was highly successful and attracted many capable men to the service of the institution. A laboratory building was erected to provide special facilities for scientific research in connection with the care and treatment of the insane. Dr. Quinby was also greatly interested in the development and beautifying of the grounds and conducted this work with much ability. April 1, 1912, he retired from the service to the enjoyment of private life.<br />
<br />
April 1, 1912, Dr. Ernest V. Scribner, formerly assistant physician at the hospital, and more lately for some years superintendent of the Worcester State Asylum, succeeded Dr. Quinby as superintendent of the hospital and is now in office.<br />
<br />
During the life of the institution 113 different persons figured as assistant physicians in its service. Some of these men have achieved renown in their chosen specialty. To enter in any way into their individual histories would exceed the proper limits of this brief account. Suffice it to say that nearly a score have risen to the management of institutions.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=bnraAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:UOM39015005122398&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==20th Century History==<br />
New buildings continued to be constructed at the hospital through out the early parts of the 20th century. The large Kirkbride building reminded in use until a massive fire engulfed the building on July 22, 1991. The fire destroyed almost the entire building with exception of the right most wing and the administration building. The burned sections were bulldozed and the extra stone was used to seal up the gaping holes left by the connections to the still remaining sections. After the fire patients were moved to other buildings on the campus and the hospital continued to operate. In 2004 a proposal to build a new hospital was put into the works.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_State_Hospital</ref> In 2008, there were plans to film the movie ''Shutter Island'' on the grounds of the hospital, but because of the pending demolition and construction of the new hospital, filming was not approved and instead took place at [[Medfield State Hospital]]. In 2008 the remaining remaining wing of the Kirkbride was demolished to make room for the new hospital. No official plans have been confirmed to preserve the remaining administration section.<br />
<br />
<br />
==New Hospital==<br />
[[image:WSH NewHosp Thumb.jpg|280px|right]]<br />
In May 2009, Worcester saw the funds approved for the construction of a new Worcester State Hospital. Since May, a multitude of progress has been made on this $302 million project, and is estimated to be completed in March 2012. A new 320-bed psychiatric hospital serving individuals from all parts of the Commonwealth is now in construction. The innovative design will provide an environment of care that maximizes the effectiveness of clinical and rehabilitation staff, allowing the facility to operate at an optimum ratio of staff to patients. The building’s plan will reflect the stages of recovery: by using familiar environments, ranging from “house” to “neighborhood” to “downtown.” A secure facility, outdoor courts relate to each living unit, and the “downtown” surrounds a central “village green” shared by all. The low-rise scale will serve to emphasize the residential character, and minimize the stigma attached to psychiatric facilities. This new facility will enable DMH to close two antiquated facilities, parts of which date to the 19th century, thereby dramatically reducing future operating and capital expenses. With the significant advances in the field of psychiatric care, which are reducing the number of people who need long term care, this building may become the central psychiatric care facility for the entire state.<ref>http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=afterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Property+Management+%26+Construction&L2=Design+%26+Construction+of+Public+Buildings&L3=Current+%26+Completed+Projects&L4=Human+Services+Projects&sid=Eoaf&b=terminalcontent&f=dcam_project_highlights_hs_dmh_hosp&csid=Eoaf</ref><ref>https://www.worcesterchamber.org/latest-progress-on-dmh-psychiatric-facility-worcester</ref><BR><br />
<BR><br />
*Designer: Ellenzweig Associates, Inc.<BR><br />
*Contractor: Gilbane Building Company<BR><br />
*Project Cost:$302 Million<BR><br />
*Gross Square Feet:428,000<BR><br />
*Est. Substantial Completion Date: March 2012<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States'', by Carla Yanni. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 2007. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226379258 Search WorldCat for library copy] <br />
*''The enduring asylum: Cycles of institutional reform at Worcester State Hospital'', by Joseph P Morrissey. New York : Grune & Stratton, 1980. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/604810515 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
*''A refuge of cure or care : the sensory dimensions of confinement at the Worcester State Hospital for the Insane'', by Madeline Kearin Ryan. Lanham : Lexington Books, 2021. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1251441334 Search WorldCat for library copy][https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Refuge_of_Cure_Or_Care/rJktEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover Preview version in Google Books]<br />
*''The State and the mentally ill: A history of Worcester State Hospital in Massachusetts, 1830-1920'', by Gerald N Grob. Chapel Hill : Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1966. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/599204226 Search WorldCat for library copy]<br />
<br />
== Images of Worcester State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Worcester State Hospital Image Gallery|Worcester State Hospital]]}}<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Worcester.jpg<br />
File:Wsh fire 01.jpg<br />
File:Q 01.jpg<br />
File:Worcester State Hospital 2.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
==Videos==<br />
Video rendering of the proposed new hospital building.<br />
<br />
<videoflash>IrDTUxPP-XU</videoflash><br />
<br />
<br />
==News Reports & Articles==<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/WSH%20escape.jpg Newport Daily News, The: Tuesday, September 23, 1952]<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/WSH%20murder.jpg Mansfield News Journal: Monday, October 12, 1936]<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/WSH%20Scalds.jpg Lime Springs Herald: Thursday, October 04, 1934]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Save-Worcester-State-Hospital-Clock-Tower/171086076276042 Save Worcester State Hospital (Facebook)]<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/worcester/ Worcester State Hospital @ Kirkbride Buildings]<br />
*[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asylums/worcester_ma/ Worcester State Hospital @ Historic Asylums]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_State_Hospital Worcester State Hospital @ Wikipedia]<br />
*[http://arch.thomas-industriesinc.com/Kirkbride_Gallery_HopsitalQ.htm Worcester State Hospital Aerials]<br />
*[http://www.opacity.us/site56_worcester_state_hospital.htm Worcester State Hospital Photos by Opacity]<br />
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/imo/sets/72157605024173560/ Photos of the 2008 Demolition]<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/> <br />
<br />
[[Category:Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Demolished Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Worcester_State_Hospital&diff=42497Worcester State Hospital2021-12-30T19:47:09Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Books */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Worcester State Hospital<br />
| image = Worcester01.png<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Worcester State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = February 7, 1832<br />
| construction_began = <br />
| construction_ended = <br />
| opened =<BR><br />
*January 12, 1833<BR><br />
*October 8, 1877<BR><br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished = 2015<br />
| current_status = [[Demolished Institution|Demolished]] (Kirkbride)<br />
| building_style =*[[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) =<BR><br />
*George Dutton Rand<BR><br />
*Ward P. Delano<BR><br />
| location = Worcester, MA<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br> <br />
*Massachussets State Hospital<br />
*Worcester State Instane Asylum<br />
*State Lunatic Asylum at Worcester<br />
*Bloomingdale Insane Asylum<br />
*Worcester Insane Hospital <br />
}}<br />
<br />
Also once known as the Worcester Lunatic Asylum and the Bloomingdale Asylum, this psychiatric facility's history dates back to before the main building was built. On January 12, 1833, the old Worcester Insane Asylum opened, and was the first of its kind constructed in the state of Massachusetts. When overcrowding became a problem, a new hospital was to be built - a massive structure laid out in the Kirkbride plan, which is the one featured in these photographs.<br />
<br />
Construction began in 1870 and the newly built Worcester State Hospital opened seven years later. Designed by architect Ward P. Delano of the firm Fuller & Delano of Worcester, the flagstone and brick building stood four stories tall, and between the 500 foot wings stood a beautiful clock tower, looming above the central administration building. On an interesting note, Sigmund Freud visited the hospital in 1909 during his only trip to America.<br />
<br />
A massive fire engulfed the Kirkbride building on July 22, 1991, destroying almost all of the roof and floors, save for the right most wing and the administration building. The burned out shells of the other areas were bulldozed and the extra stone was used to seal up the gaping holes left by the connections to the remaining sections. A new hospital building was built behind the remains of the Kirkbride building and is still in operation as of 2008. <br />
<br />
In the spring of 2008 the remaining wing segments of the Kirkbride building were demolished, along with the one of the historic rotundas and employee residences. The demolition is to make room for a new state psychiatric hospital. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Early History==<br />
On the 23d of February, 1829, Horace Mann, of Dedham, in behalf of a committee of the House of Representatives, appointed to consider the subject of the presence of considerable numbers of insane persons in the community who were either cared for in their own homes or in jails and almshouses, reported orders for the appointment of a committee "to examine and ascertain the practicability and expediency of erecting or procuring, at the expense of the commonwealth, an asylum for the safekeeping of lunatics and persons furiously mad," and requiring the selectmen of the several towns to ascertain and make returns to the Secretary of the commonwealth of the " number, age, sex and color of all persons reputed to be lunatics and furiously mad belonging to their respective towns, and whether at large or in confinement, and where and how long confined"—which orders were subsequently adopted by the House, and Messrs. Mann, Loud, of Dorchester, and Denny, of Leicester, were appointed to constitute said committee.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bloomington.png|280px|left]]On the 7th of January, 1830, the Secretary communicated to the House of Representatives the returns which had been received in his office, in pursuance of the order above stated, which returns were referred to Messrs. Mann, of Dedham, Loud, of Dorchester, Strong, of Pittsfield, Oliver, of Boston, and Frothingham, of Newburyport. This committee reported, through Mr. Mann, a recommendation for the erection of a lunatic hospital, suitable for the accommodation of a superintendent, with wings sufficient for the reception of 120 inmates. For the accomplishment of this work the sum of $30,000 was asked. In accordance with this report the Legislature passed a resolve on February 7, 1832, authorizing the Governor to purchase a lot of land within the commonwealth suitable for a lunatic hospital, and to appoint a board of three commissioners for the erection on this site of a hospital for the accommodation of a superintendent and 120 insane persons. This resolve having passed the Legislature, received the approval of the Governor on the 10th of March, 1830. Under the power therein conferred the town of Worcester, "after diligent inquiry, and a faithful comparison of various proposed situations, was selected by the Governor and Council for the location of the hospital, and a plot of 12 acres of land purchased at the cost to that town of $2500." "Horace Mann, Bezaleel Taft, Jr., and William B. Calhoun were appointed commissioners to superintend the erection of the hospital thereon." On the 5th of July, 1832, the Governor and Council appointed Horace Mann, Bezaleel Taft, Jr., William B. Calhoun, Francis C. Gray and Alfred D. Foster as a Board of Trustees for the management of the institution, with power to appoint all other necessary officers. On January 12, 1833, Governor Levi Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester to be legally open for the reception of patients. The first patient was received into the hospital on the 19th day of January, 1833.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, in pursuance of the authority given, the trustees appointed as first superintendent of the new institution Samuel B. Woodward, M. D., of Wethersfield, Conn. Dr. Samuel Bayard Woodward was the son of a physician and a native of Connecticut, born on June 10, 1787, and licensed to practice medicine at the age of 21. His attention was called to this special department of the profession by the occurrence of several cases of insanity in his own practice and in that of his professional brethren whose adviser he was. The difficulty of managing these cases in their private practice led Dr. Woodward and his particular friend, Dr. Eli Todd, to take the first step towards the establishment of the Retreat for the Insane at Hartford, and he took credit to himself in having secured for it its present delightful location. He was appointed superintendent of the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester, Mass., in September, 1832; went to Worcester in December following, and moved into the hospital as soon as rooms could be finished and furnished for the reception of his family. He retired on June 30, 1846, on account of failing health, and moved to Northampton, Mass., where he died quite suddenly on the evening of January 3, 1850.<br />
<br />
That the hospital filled a public need was shown by the rapid influx of patients. In their report of December 31, 1833, the trustees stated that the hospital was then in a very crowded condition and that many applications for admission had been necessarily rejected because of lack of accommodations. Immediate measures were taken to increase the capacity of the institution and on April 7, 1835, the sum of $25,000 was appropriated for the enlargement of the hospital. Later in the session an appropriation of $3000 was made for the erection of a chapel and $7000 for the purchase of additional land for the use of the hospital. This increase in capacity was soon followed by others and at the time of the retirement of Dr. Woodward the patients in the hospital numbered 360—three times the amount of the accommodation furnished at the erection of the original building.<br />
<br />
In their choice of Dr. Samuel B. Woodward as their first superintendent the trustees were singularly fortunate. Under his wise and humane administration the treatment of the insane in this hospital, one of the early state institutions in this country, was placed at once upon a high level.<br />
<br />
Following the resignation of Dr. Woodward, Dr. George Chandler was appointed superintendent of the State Lunatic Hospital on July 1, 1846. Dr. Chandler began practice in Worcester in 1831 and a few years later was appointed assistant physician at the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester. From 1842 to 1845 he was superintendent of the insane hospital at Concord, N. H. With this experience Dr. Chandler came well equipped for his work. His administration of affairs was successful. He was a good manager and in many ways improved the institution's equipment. He lighted the hospital with gas, introduced steam heating and greatly improved the ventilation. He did considerable in the way of educational instruction of the patients. He increased the capacity of the institution to keep pace with the ever-increasing numbers of the insane. As early as 1847 Dr. Chandler called attention in his reports to the increasing numbers of foreign born among the insane, showing the influence of immigration in the filling of our hospitals.<br />
<br />
When the institution was first established its location was considered sufficiently removed from the residence center of the town to be unobjectionable. With the growth of the community the town steadily encroached upon the hospital and there began to be a feeling in the minds of many that another site should be found, to which the institution should be later transferred. Dr. Chandler suggested that it would be wise to consider a relocation at a more remote point.<br />
<br />
Dr. Chandler resigned his superintendency April 1, 1856. After his retirement to private life he spent his time in travel and in biographical work. He died May 17, 1893, at the age of 97 years.<br />
<br />
Succeeding Dr. Chandler, Dr. Merrick Bemis was promoted from the office of assistant physician, which he had acceptably filled, to that of superintendent. Under Dr. Bemis the good traditions of the hospital were preserved. He proved an efficient and capable man. He, like his predecessors, constantly enlarged the institution in response to the public need. He placed great stress on occupation in the treatment of mental disease and lessened restraint and seclusion. He employed the first female physician. The removal of the institution from its original location was again actively agitated, and in 1869 Dr. Bemis, under the direction of the trustees, bonded land in the outskirts of the town, on a site overlooking Lake Quinsigamond. The Legislature approving, the land was purchased the next year. The plan of the new institution, as formulated by Dr. Bemis, was ambitious and ideal. He advocated a central hospital plant for the actively disturbed, giving accommodation to perhaps onethird of the cases. The remaining two-thirds, the quiet and the convalescent, he proposed to care for in groups of 15 to 20, located in separate cottages. This would provide a family care approaching the more natural life in the community.<br />
<br />
After a service of 24 years as assistant physician and afterwards as superintendent, Dr. Bemis resigned from the public service and established a small private hospital in Worcester. He also conducted a private practice in the community. He lived to a ripe old age, dying October 3, 1904.<br />
<br />
The trustees elected as superintendent to succeed Dr. Bemis, Dr. Bernard D. Eastman, first assistant physician at the National Hospital, Washington, and formerly assistant physician at Concord, N. H. Upon Dr. Eastman, with the assistance of the architect, Mr. Rand, devolved the task of the preparation of plans for the erection of the proposed new hospital in the suburbs. These plans struck " a happy medium between the older fashioned system of aggregation and the theoretical system of segregation."<br />
<br />
[[image:Worcester2.jpg|280px|left]]In 1873, the plans for the new hospital buildings having been approved by the Governor and Council, the Legislature authorized the erection of the new institution, limiting the number of inmates for whom accommodation was to be provided to 400. As the number then in the parent institution was nearly 500, the pressure for a still further increase was very great. In view of this fact the plans were modified to provide accommodation for 500 and the work of construction entered upon. Building operations were actively prosecuted. The new hospital buildings received their first patients on October 8, 1877, but it was not until the 23d of the same month that the transfer was completed, 430 persons being removed. The old buildings were devoted to the purposes of the newly created Asylum for the Chronic Insane.<br />
<br />
On February 6, 1879, Dr. Eastman resigned from the superintendency of the hospital. He later went to Kansas and was long identified with the insane hospital at Topeka.<br />
<br />
Dr. John G. Park, formerly assistant physician at the hospital and later superintendent of the Asylum for the Chronic Insane, assumed the superintendency of the hospital on March 1, 1879. His administration perfected the organization of the service in the new hospital buildings and did much in the improvement of the grounds. He took a deep interest in the physical activities of his patients and recognized occupation as one of the best and most important of remedial measures. He introduced various industrial activities, as spinning, knitting, the use of the hand weaving loom and other forms of employment. He early advocated the establishment of a separate institution for the male criminal insane. The continued increase in numbers of patients necessitated the still further enlargement of the institution. Dr. Park erected the two circular observation wards, which have proven so well adapted for their purpose. During his administration the Hillside Farm, of 130 acres, in the town of Shrewsbury, was purchased to provide pasturage for the increasing herds.<br />
<br />
In September, 1890, Dr. Park resigned his position as superintendent. After his retirement from this institution he served as chairman of the commission which erected the buildings of the Medfield State Asylum. Later, with the occupancy of the buildings, he was appointed to the Board of Trustees of that asylum, which office he held at the time of his death on August 9, 1905.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hosea M. Quinby assumed the superintendency of the hospital on November 25, 1890. Dr. Quinby was previously assistant physician at the hospital and superintendent of the Worcester Asylum from 1879 to 1890. During his administration a farm building was erected for the accommodation of working patients, two nurses' homes built, infirmary buildings and a bath house completed, the domestic departments added to and the capacity of the institution generally increased, the number of patients rising from 785 to 1401.<br />
<br />
One of the chief contributions of Dr. Quinby to the improvement of the care of the insane and the study of insanity was the employment of a special pathologist and clinician, who reorganized the record-taking and the general methods of examination and study of insanity. A training school for assistant physicians was organized, which was highly successful and attracted many capable men to the service of the institution. A laboratory building was erected to provide special facilities for scientific research in connection with the care and treatment of the insane. Dr. Quinby was also greatly interested in the development and beautifying of the grounds and conducted this work with much ability. April 1, 1912, he retired from the service to the enjoyment of private life.<br />
<br />
April 1, 1912, Dr. Ernest V. Scribner, formerly assistant physician at the hospital, and more lately for some years superintendent of the Worcester State Asylum, succeeded Dr. Quinby as superintendent of the hospital and is now in office.<br />
<br />
During the life of the institution 113 different persons figured as assistant physicians in its service. Some of these men have achieved renown in their chosen specialty. To enter in any way into their individual histories would exceed the proper limits of this brief account. Suffice it to say that nearly a score have risen to the management of institutions.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=bnraAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:UOM39015005122398&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==20th Century History==<br />
New buildings continued to be constructed at the hospital through out the early parts of the 20th century. The large Kirkbride building reminded in use until a massive fire engulfed the building on July 22, 1991. The fire destroyed almost the entire building with exception of the right most wing and the administration building. The burned sections were bulldozed and the extra stone was used to seal up the gaping holes left by the connections to the still remaining sections. After the fire patients were moved to other buildings on the campus and the hospital continued to operate. In 2004 a proposal to build a new hospital was put into the works.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_State_Hospital</ref> In 2008, there were plans to film the movie ''Shutter Island'' on the grounds of the hospital, but because of the pending demolition and construction of the new hospital, filming was not approved and instead took place at [[Medfield State Hospital]]. In 2008 the remaining remaining wing of the Kirkbride was demolished to make room for the new hospital. No official plans have been confirmed to preserve the remaining administration section.<br />
<br />
<br />
==New Hospital==<br />
[[image:WSH NewHosp Thumb.jpg|280px|right]]<br />
In May 2009, Worcester saw the funds approved for the construction of a new Worcester State Hospital. Since May, a multitude of progress has been made on this $302 million project, and is estimated to be completed in March 2012. A new 320-bed psychiatric hospital serving individuals from all parts of the Commonwealth is now in construction. The innovative design will provide an environment of care that maximizes the effectiveness of clinical and rehabilitation staff, allowing the facility to operate at an optimum ratio of staff to patients. The building’s plan will reflect the stages of recovery: by using familiar environments, ranging from “house” to “neighborhood” to “downtown.” A secure facility, outdoor courts relate to each living unit, and the “downtown” surrounds a central “village green” shared by all. The low-rise scale will serve to emphasize the residential character, and minimize the stigma attached to psychiatric facilities. This new facility will enable DMH to close two antiquated facilities, parts of which date to the 19th century, thereby dramatically reducing future operating and capital expenses. With the significant advances in the field of psychiatric care, which are reducing the number of people who need long term care, this building may become the central psychiatric care facility for the entire state.<ref>http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=afterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Property+Management+%26+Construction&L2=Design+%26+Construction+of+Public+Buildings&L3=Current+%26+Completed+Projects&L4=Human+Services+Projects&sid=Eoaf&b=terminalcontent&f=dcam_project_highlights_hs_dmh_hosp&csid=Eoaf</ref><ref>https://www.worcesterchamber.org/latest-progress-on-dmh-psychiatric-facility-worcester</ref><BR><br />
<BR><br />
*Designer: Ellenzweig Associates, Inc.<BR><br />
*Contractor: Gilbane Building Company<BR><br />
*Project Cost:$302 Million<BR><br />
*Gross Square Feet:428,000<BR><br />
*Est. Substantial Completion Date: March 2012<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''The enduring asylum: Cycles of institutional reform at Worcester State Hospital'', by Joseph P Morrissey<br />
*''A refuge of cure or care : the sensory dimensions of confinement at the Worcester State Hospital for the Insane'', by Madeline Kearin Ryan. Lanham : Lexington Books, 2021. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1251441334 Search WorldCat for library copy][https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Refuge_of_Cure_Or_Care/rJktEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover Preview version in Google Books]<br />
*''The State and the mentally ill: A history of Worcester State Hospital in Massachusetts, 1830-1920'', by Gerald N Grob<br />
*''The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States'', by Carla Yanni<br />
<br />
== Images of Worcester State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Worcester State Hospital Image Gallery|Worcester State Hospital]]}}<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Worcester.jpg<br />
File:Wsh fire 01.jpg<br />
File:Q 01.jpg<br />
File:Worcester State Hospital 2.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
==Videos==<br />
Video rendering of the proposed new hospital building.<br />
<br />
<videoflash>IrDTUxPP-XU</videoflash><br />
<br />
<br />
==News Reports & Articles==<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/WSH%20escape.jpg Newport Daily News, The: Tuesday, September 23, 1952]<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/WSH%20murder.jpg Mansfield News Journal: Monday, October 12, 1936]<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/WSH%20Scalds.jpg Lime Springs Herald: Thursday, October 04, 1934]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Save-Worcester-State-Hospital-Clock-Tower/171086076276042 Save Worcester State Hospital (Facebook)]<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/worcester/ Worcester State Hospital @ Kirkbride Buildings]<br />
*[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asylums/worcester_ma/ Worcester State Hospital @ Historic Asylums]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_State_Hospital Worcester State Hospital @ Wikipedia]<br />
*[http://arch.thomas-industriesinc.com/Kirkbride_Gallery_HopsitalQ.htm Worcester State Hospital Aerials]<br />
*[http://www.opacity.us/site56_worcester_state_hospital.htm Worcester State Hospital Photos by Opacity]<br />
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/imo/sets/72157605024173560/ Photos of the 2008 Demolition]<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/> <br />
<br />
[[Category:Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Demolished Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=New_York&diff=42400New York2021-12-27T04:36:29Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Private Asylums */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox state<br />
| Name = New York<br />
| flag = 800px-Flag of New York.svg.png<br />
| flagAlt = Flag of New York<br />
| seal = 400px-Seal of New York.svg.png<br />
| sealAlt = Seal of New York<br />
| Motto = The Empire State<br />
| Map = 286px-Map of USA NY.svg.png<br />
| MapAlt = Where New York Is Located<br />
| Nickname = Excelsior, Ever Upward<br />
| Capital = Albany<br />
| LargestCity = New York City<br />
| Total_Area_mile = 54,555<br />
| Total_Area_km = 141,299<br />
| Width_mile = 285<br />
| Width_km = 455<br />
| Length_mile = 330<br />
| Length_km = 530<br />
| total_state_population = 19,795,791 (2015 est)<br />
| total_mh_inpatient_pop = 10,500<br />
| year_past_peak_pop = 1955<br />
| past_mh_inpatient_pop = 93,600<br />
| total_number_mental_health_institutions = 12<br />
| current_number_public_institutions = 12<br />
| current_number_private_institutions = 0<br />
| year_peak_mh_institutions = 1950<br />
| peak_mh_institutions = 31<br />
| year_peak_state_hospitals = 1950<br />
| peak_state_hospitals = 24<br />
| year_peak_state_schools = 1950<br />
| peak_state_schools = 7<br />
| year_peak_private_mental_hospitals = <br />
| peak_private_mental_hospitals = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== State Hospital ==<br />
<br />
* [[Binghamton State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Bronx State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Brooklyn State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Buffalo State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Central Islip State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Central New York Psychiatric Center]]<br />
* [[Creedmoor State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Dannemora State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Edgewood State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Gowanda State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Harlem Valley State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Hudson River State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Institute for Defective and Delinquent Men at Napanoch]]<br />
* [[Kings Park State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Kirby Forensic Psychiatric Center]]<br />
* [[Long Island State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Matteawan State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Manhattan Psychiatric Center]]<br />
* [[Middletown State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Mid-Hudson Forensic Psychiatric Center]]<br />
* [[Mohansic State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Newville State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Pilgrim State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Ray Brook State Hospital]]<br />
* [[Rochester Psychiatric Center]]<br />
* [[Rockland State Hospital]]<br />
* [[South Beach Psychiatric Center]]<br />
* [[St. Lawrence State Hospital]]<br />
* [[State Lunatic Asylum for Insane Convicts, Auburn]]<br />
* [[Syracuse Psychopathic Hospital]]<br />
* [[Utica State Hospital]]<br />
* Watertown State Hospital<br />
* [[Willard State Hospital]]<br />
<br />
==Government Institutions==<br />
*[[Franklin D. Roosevelt VA Hospital]]<br />
*[[Staten Island Public Health Service Hospital]]<br />
<br />
== City and County Hospitals==<br />
* [[Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital]]<br />
* [[Blackwell's Island Asylum]]<br />
* [[Brooklyn Training School and Home for Young Girls]]<br />
* [[Central Neurological Hospital]] <br />
* [[Hart Island Asylum]]<br />
* [[New York City Homeopathic Hospital]]<br />
* [[New York City Inebriate Asylum]]<br />
* [[Riverside Hospital, NY]]<br />
* [[Ward's Island Asylum]]<br />
<br />
== State Schools ==<br />
* [[Albion State Training School]]<br />
* [[Binghamton Training School for Nervous and Backward Children]]<br />
* [[Bronx Developmental Center]]<br />
* [[Craig Developmental Center]]<br />
* [[J.N. Adam Memorial Hospital]]<br />
* [[Letchworth Village]]<br />
* [[Long Island Developmental Center]]<br />
* [[Manhattan Developmental Center]]<br />
* [[Newark State School]]<br />
* [[Rome State Custodial Asylum]]<br />
* [[Sagamore Children’s Psychiatric Center]]<br />
* [[Sampson State School]]<br />
* [[Staten Island Developmental Center]]<br />
* [[State School for the Blind at Batavia]]<br />
* [[State School for the Deaf at Rome]]<br />
* [[Sunmount Developmental Center]]<br />
* [[Syracuse State School]]<br />
* [[Wassaic State School]]<br />
* [[Willowbrook State School]]<br />
<br />
== Private Asylums ==<br />
* [[Addison Sanitarium]]<br />
* [[Albany Hospital for Incurables]]<br />
* [[Bloomingdale Asylum]]<br />
* [[Brigham Hall]]<br />
* [[Brunswick Home]]<br />
* [[Cornwall Sanitarium]]<br />
* [[Dr. Combe's Sanitarium for Nervous and Mental Diseases]]<br />
* [[Dr. Harrison's Sanitarium]]<br />
* [[Dr. Lyon's Sanitarium]]<br />
* [[Dr. MacDonald's House]]<br />
* [[Evergreen Sanatorium School]]<br />
* [[Faith Home for Incurable Women]]<br />
* [[Falkirk Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Florence Nightingale School for Backward Children]] <br />
* [[Gracie Square Hospital]]<br />
* [[Graham Highland Park Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Hillbourne]]<br />
* [[Interpines]]<br />
* [[Long Island Home]]<br />
* [[Louden Knickerbocker Hall]]<br />
* [[Marshall Infirmary]]<br />
* [[Montefiore Hospital and Home for Chronic Diseases]]<br />
* [[Neurological Institute of New York]]<br />
* [[New York Juvenile Asylum]]<br />
* [[Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic]]<br />
* [[Private Home for Neurasthenics]]<br />
* [[Providence Retreat]]<br />
* [[River Crest Sanitarium]]<br />
* [[Riverdale Sanitarium]]<br />
* [[St. Vincent's Retreat]]<br />
* [[Stamford Hall]]<br />
* [[Spring Hill Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[The Pines]]<br />
* [[Wellsville Sanitarium]]<br />
<br />
==Poor Houses and Farms==<br />
*[[Albany City and County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Allegany County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Broome County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Cattaraugus County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Cayuga County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Chautauqua County House]]<br />
*[[Chemung County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Chenango County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Clinton County House]]<br />
*[[Columbia County House]]<br />
*[[Cortland County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Delaware County House]]<br />
*[[Dutchess County House]]<br />
*[[Erie County Home]]<br />
*[[Essex County Home]]<br />
*[[Franklin County Alms House]]<br />
*[[Fulton County House]]<br />
*[[Genesee County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Greene County House]]<br />
*[[Herkimer County House]]<br />
*[[Jefferson County House]]<br />
*[[Jones Institute]]<br />
*[[Kings County Lunatic Asylum]]<br />
*[[Kingston City Alms House]]<br />
*[[Lewis County House]]<br />
*[[Livingston County House]]<br />
*[[Madison County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Monroe County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Montgomery County House]]<br />
*[[Niagara County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Oneida County Alms House]]<br />
*[[Onondaga County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Ontario County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Orange County Poorhouses]]<br />
*[[Orleans County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Oswego City Poor House]]<br />
*[[Otsego County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Putnam County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Rensselaer County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Richmond County House]]<br />
*[[Rockland County House]]<br />
*[[St. Lawrence County Alms House]]<br />
*[[Saratoga County House]]<br />
*[[Schenectady County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Schoharie County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Schuyler County Home]]<br />
*[[Seneca County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Steuben County Poor House]]<br />
* [[Suffolk County Almshouse]]<br />
*[[Tompkins County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Ulster County House]]<br />
*[[Warren County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Washington County Poorhouse]]<br />
*[[Wayne County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Wyoming County Poor House]]<br />
*[[Yates County Poorhouse]]<br />
<br />
==Reform Schools==<br />
*[[New York State Agricultural & Industrial School]]<br />
*[[New York State Training School for Girls]]<br />
*[[Otisville State Training School]]<br />
*[[Warwick State Training School]]<br />
<br />
== Sanitariums ==<br />
* [[Brome County Tuberculosis Hospital]]<br />
* [[Buckly Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Clifton Springs Sanitarium]]<br />
* [[Edward Meany Sanatorium for Tuberculosis]]<br />
* [[Elmira City Tuberculosis Sanitarium]]<br />
* [[Gabriels Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Hillcrest Cottage Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Jackson Sanitarium]]<br />
* [[Jefferson County Tuberculosis Hospital]]<br />
* [[Iola Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Medford Tuberculosis Sanatorium for Working Men and Women]]<br />
* [[Montefiore Home Country Sanitarium]]<br />
* [[Mountain Sanatorium, New York]]<br />
* [[Mountain View Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[New York City Farm Colony]]<br />
* [[New York City Municipal Sanatorium for Tuberculosis]]<br />
* [[Newburgh Tuberculosis Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Onondaga County Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Ontario County Sanatorium for Consumptives]]<br />
* [[Oswego County Tuberculosis]]<br />
* [[Poughkeepsie Tuberculosis Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Pulteney Sanitarium]]<br />
* [[Rainbow Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Riverside Sanatorium for Consumptives]]<br />
* [[River Crest Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Saratoga County Tuberculosis Hospital]]<br />
* [[Schenectady County Tuberculosis Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Seaview Hospital]]<br />
* [[Suffolk County Tuberculosis Hospital]]<br />
* [[Summit Park Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Triboro Hospital for Tuberculosis]]<br />
* [[Trudeau Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Tuberculosis Sanatorium of Albany Hospital]]<br />
* [[Tupper Lake Sanatorium]]<br />
* [[Ulster County Tuberculosis Hospital]]<br />
* [[Whitesboro Sanitarium]]<br />
* [[Wilkinson Sanatorium]]<br />
<br />
== Orphan Asylums ==<br />
<br />
* [[St Johns Orphan Asylum]]<br />
* [[Utica Orphan Asylum]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Other Asylums==<br />
* [[Ellis Island Isolation Hospital]]<br />
* [[Hart Island]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:United States of America]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=San_Juan_Asylum&diff=42289San Juan Asylum2021-12-19T03:54:47Z<p>OgdredWeary: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = San Juan Asylum<br />
| image = puertorico.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began =<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1854<br />
| closed = 1898<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Single Building Institutions|Single Building]]<br />
| architect(s) = <br />
| location = San Juan, PR<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =* Colonial Hospital<br />
<br />
}}<br />
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==History==<br />
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The San Juan Asylum was built in 1854 on the furthest tip of the San Juan peninsula in Puerto Rico. The signature red dome on the roof and pillared front entrance were constructed to fit the style of the time. The twin courtyards contained sprawling gardens with fountains, contrasting the beaches of the remainder of the land on the peninsula. The asylum was constructed directly across from the Castillo San Felipe del Morro, a 16th century fortress built by King Charles V of Spain to protect the city of San Juan. <br />
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After the US invasion of San Juan in 1898, the Asylum was converted into the Fort Brooke Military Reservation Army Barracks. This facility operated under the Department of the Army and included several buildings including fort San Filipe del Morro. <br />
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By 1949, the site was established as historic by the San Juan National Historic Registry, but the buildings remained property of the army until 1961. In 1965, the historic site was converted into the Puerto Rican Academy of Fine Arts. Many of the structures surrounding the asylum and the fort remained vacant, abandoned, and deteriorating until 1992, when they were restored for the celebration of the Quincentennial of the Discovery of America. <ref> Orlando Mergal. Puerto Rico by GPS. http://www.puertoricobygps.com/. Accessed November 19th 2013. </ref><br />
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== Images of San Juan Asylum ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[San Juan Asylum Image Gallery|San Juan Asylum]]}}<br />
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<gallery><br />
file:puertorico.jpg<br />
file:sanjuan.jpg<br />
File:puertorico2.jpg<br />
File:sanjuanPR.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
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== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
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== Articles ==<br />
The Insane Asylum of Porto Rico, by F. R. Goenaga. ''Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction'', at the Twenty-Ninth Annual Session held in the city of Detroit, May 28-June 3, 1902. pp. 182-185. [https://archive.org/details/proceedingsnati12sessgoog/page/182/mode/2up Full text in the Internet Archive] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89030648950?urlappend=%3Bseq=206%3Bownerid=13510798885460930-238 Full text in HathiTrust]<br />
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[[Category:Puerto Rico]]<br />
[[Category:Preserved Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Single Building Institutions]]</div>OgdredWearyhttp://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Napa_State_Hospital&diff=42288Napa State Hospital2021-12-18T02:15:04Z<p>OgdredWeary: /* Articles */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Napa State Hospital<br />
| image = Napa2.png<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Napa State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1871<br />
| construction_began = 1872 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1875<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]] <br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]] (Demolished)<br />
| architect(s) = <br />
| location = <br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names = Imola State Hospital<br />
}}<br />
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==History==<br />
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'''From the California Department of Health:''' In 1872, a site was selected and work began for the erection of the 500-bed, four-story, Gothic-style hospital building. The hospital originated due to overcrowded conditions at the Stockton Asylum, the first State Hospital. The doors of the unfinished entrance of Napa State Hospital opened on Monday, November 15, 1875, to the first individuals, two San Franciscans.<br />
<br />
[[image:Napa3.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
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Initially, 192 acres of land were purchased for $11,506 from Don Cayetano Juarez. These acres were part of the Mexican Land Grant, Rancho Tulocay, received from General Mariano Vallejo. Additional land was acquired over the years bringing the total to over 2,000 acres. The land extended from a wharf on the Napa River to the eastern edge of Skyline Park, allowing for the development of dairy and poultry ranches, vegetable gardens, orchards and other farming operations necessary to make the hospital as self-sufficient as possible. Farming operations ceased in the late 1960's. Napa Valley College, Kennedy Park and Skyline Wilderness Park now occupy most of this land.<br />
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The population peaked in 1960 with over 5,000 individuals in residence and then steadily declined with the arrival of psychotropic medications and the development of county based programs. Treatment programs for developmentally disabled residents were operant from October 1968, to August 1987, and from October 1995, to March 2001.<ref>[http://www.dmh.ca.gov/Services_and_Programs/State_Hospitals/Napa/default.asp http://www.dmh.ca.gov/Services_and_Programs/State_Hospitals/Napa/default.asp]</ref><br />
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== Images of Napa State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Napa State Hospital Image Gallery|Napa State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Napa CA PC.jpg<br />
File:Napa state hospital 1909.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
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== Cemetery == <br />
Used as a cemetery for indigent patients from about 1875 through the 1924, an eastern portion of the campus holds 4,368 bodies. Although it was once dotted with wooden grave markers, today an outbuilding and a calf barn that hasn’t been used for decades sit atop the seemingly empty field. From the early to mid-1920s through the early 1960s, patients no longer were buried on hospital grounds, and no bodies were ever exhumed from Napa State grounds. Because burial acreage was limited, an on-site crematorium was built at Napa State in the mid-1920s and was in use until sometime in the 1960s. Remains of patients who died between about 1924 and 1965 were moved from Napa State to Inspiration Chapel & Napa Valley Memorial Park.<br />
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== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Articles ==<br />
Life in an insane asylum, by Charles W. Coyle. ''The Overland Monthly'', February 1893, vol. 21, no. 122, pp. 161-171. [https://archive.org/details/sim_overland-monthly-and-out-west-magazine_1893-02_21_122/page/160/mode/2up Full text in the Internet Archive] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/iau.31858036876914?urlappend=%3Bseq=173%3Bownerid=13510798903520611-191 Full text in HathiTrust] [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Overland_Monthly/xgxIAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA161&printsec=frontcover Full text in Google Books]<br />
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<br />
[[Category:California]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>OgdredWeary